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When strictly paired stained and unstained sections\u00a0are difficult to obtain, unpaired virtual staining provides a practical route for improving the readability of unstained TEM images while retaining correspondence with source\u2010image structural cues. This paper presents WAFMGAN, a frequency\u2010aware CycleGAN framework that combines Wavelet Asymmetric Frequency Mamba (WAFM) blocks for low\u2010frequency\u2010dominant global staining transfer and long\u2010range structural coordination with a Frequency\u2010Adaptive Gated Refinement (FAGR) block for later\u2010stage boundary and texture refinement. On the mouse renal TEM test set, WAFMGAN achieved an FID of 14.8064 and a KID() of 0.5074  0.0417, representing reductions of 23.0% and 47.3% relative to CycleGAN. At the original\u2010micrograph\u2010pair level, WAFMGAN achieved SSIM, MS\u2010SSIM, CSS, and Gradient\u2010SSIM values of 0.9796, 0.9874, 0.9825, and 0.9889, respectively, and all four structure\u2010related metrics were significantly higher than those of every evaluated baseline after Holm\u2013Bonferroni correction. Output\u2010level frequency analysis further showed lower wavelet\u2010domain discrepancy than CycleGAN on all four tissue sets and lower high\u2010frequency Fourier discrepancy on the renal, heart, and liver sets. These results demonstrate that WAFMGAN improves stained\u2010domain distribution and frequency matching while maintaining strong source\u2010image structural consistency. WAFMGAN therefore provides a useful frequency\u2010aware approach for improving the readability of unstained TEM images while maintaining source\u2010image structural\u00a0cues.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jmi.70155","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T17:00:16Z","timestamp":1786986016000},"page":"289-311","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["WAFMGAN: A frequency\u2010aware CycleGAN for structure\u2010consistent virtual staining of transmission electron microscopy images"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"303","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2560-0462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haibin","family":"Wan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer and Electronic Information Guangxi University Nanning China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4711-8579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weizhi","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer and Electronic Information Guangxi University Nanning China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongye","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer and Electronic Information Guangxi University Nanning China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4160-3966-2.00005-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs: Diagnostic indications for electron microscopy. 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