{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T12:54:38Z","timestamp":1791636878439,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791590400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791590400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014440","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2021\u2010127917NB\u2010I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2021\u2010127917NB\u2010I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003086","name":"Eusko Jaurlaritza","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PIBA\u20102024\u20101\u20100008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PIBA\u20102024\u20101\u20100008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003086","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003086","name":"Eusko Jaurlaritza","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IT1837\u201026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IT1837\u201026"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003086","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Microscopy"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Electron spin resonance (ESR) is one of the most powerful spectroscopic methods for probing systems with unpaired electronic spins. Conventional ESR has usually relied on the detection of large spin ensembles, thereby averaging over local environments and suppressing microscopic information that is central to surface science, molecular magnetism, and quantum nanoscience. Scanning probe microscopy (SPM) changes this situation. By combining magnetic resonance with the spatial resolution and manipulation capabilities of scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), ESR can now be performed on individual atoms and molecules on surfaces. This short perspective discusses three connected developments. First, ESR\u2010STM has enabled all\u2010electrical detection and coherent control of individual spins with atomic precision. Second, ESR\u2010AFM has recently provided a complementary route to single\u2010molecule spin resonance based on force\u2010detected pump\u2013probe protocols. Third, these advances are turning surface spins into atomically engineered quantum systems in which spin Hamiltonians, interactions, sensing architectures, and elementary quantum operations can be designed locally. The resulting field does not merely miniaturise conventional ESR; it transforms magnetic resonance into a local quantum tool for spectroscopy, sensing, and coherent manipulation at the atomic\u00a0scale.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jmi.70187","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T12:40:38Z","timestamp":1791636038000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Electron spin resonance in scanning probe microscopy: From single\u2010spin spectroscopy to atomically engineered quantum operations"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6797-3953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deung\u2010Jang","family":"Choi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de F\u00edsica de Materiales CFM\/MPC (CSIC\u2010UPV\/EHU) Donostia\u2010San Sebasti\u00e1n Spain"},{"name":"Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) Donostia\u2010San Sebasti\u00e1n Spain"},{"name":"Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science Bilbao Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","series-title":"Oxford Classic Texts in the Physical Sciences","volume-title":"Electron paramagnetic resonance of transition ions","author":"Abragam A.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.91.041001","article-title":"Colloquium: Atomic spin chains on surfaces","volume":"91","author":"Choi D.\u2010J.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reviews of Modern Physics"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-021-00994-1","article-title":"Quantum\u2010coherent nanoscience","volume":"16","author":"Heinrich A. J.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature Nanotechnology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511524356","volume-title":"Scanning probe microscopy and spectroscopy: Methods and applications","author":"Wiesendanger R.","year":"1994"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.49.57","article-title":"Surface studies by scanning tunneling microscopy","volume":"49","author":"Binnig G.","year":"1982","journal-title":"Physical Review Letters"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1038\/s42254-019-0108-5","article-title":"Creating designer quantum states of matter atom\u2010by\u2010atom","volume":"1","author":"Khajetoorians A. A.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Physics"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.56.930","article-title":"Atomic force microscope","volume":"56","author":"Binnig G.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Physical Review Letters"},{"issue":"6997","key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02658","article-title":"Single spin detection by magnetic resonance force microscopy","volume":"430","author":"Rugar D.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2531","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.62.2531","article-title":"Direct observation of the precession of individual paramagnetic spins on oxidized silicon surfaces","volume":"62","author":"Manassen Y.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Physical Review Letters"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.66.195416","article-title":"ESR\u2010STM of a single precessing spin","volume":"66","author":"Balatsky A. V.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Physical Review B"},{"issue":"6259","key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aac8703","article-title":"Electron paramagnetic resonance of individual atoms on a surface","volume":"350","author":"Baumann S.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aaq1543","article-title":"Probing quantum coherence in single\u2010atom electron spin resonance","volume":"4","author":"Willke P.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science Advances"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1038\/s41567-019-0573-x","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging of single atoms on a surface","volume":"15","author":"Willke P.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature Physics"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8201","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.9b03559","article-title":"Tuning single\u2010atom electron spin resonance in a vector magnetic field","volume":"19","author":"Willke P.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nano Letters"},{"issue":"6464","key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aay6779","article-title":"Coherent spin manipulation of individual atoms on a surface","volume":"366","author":"Yang K.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevResearch.2.013032","article-title":"Single\u2010atom electron paramagnetic resonance in a scanning tunneling microscope driven by a radio\u2010frequency antenna at 4 k","volume":"2","author":"Seifert T. S.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physical Review Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevResearch.3.043185","article-title":"Accurate measurement of atomic magnetic moments by minimizing the tip magnetic field in STM\u2010based electron paramagnetic resonance","volume":"3","author":"Seifert T. S.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Physical Review Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.104.174408","article-title":"Spin resonance amplitude and frequency of a single atom on a surface in a vector magnetic field","volume":"104","author":"Kim J.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Physical Review B"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17959","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.1c06394","article-title":"Coherent spin control of single molecules on a surface","volume":"15","author":"Willke P.","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4176","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.2c00980","article-title":"Electron paramagnetic resonance of alkali metal atoms and dimers on ultrathin MgO","volume":"22","author":"Kovarik S.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nano Letters"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202302033","article-title":"Electric\u2010field\u2010driven spin resonance by on\u2010surface exchange coupling to a single\u2010atom magnet","volume":"10","author":"Phark S.\u2010H.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Advanced Science"},{"issue":"6666","key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1126\/science.ade5050","article-title":"An atomic\u2010scale multi\u2010qubit platform","volume":"382","author":"Wang Y.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06754-6","article-title":"Single\u2010molecule electron spin resonance by means of atomic force microscopy","volume":"624","author":"Sellies L.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202506539","article-title":"Electron spin resonance at the single\u2010molecule scale","volume":"64","author":"Sellies L.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Angewandte Chemie International Edition"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4551","DOI":"10.1039\/D5NA00316D","article-title":"Electron spin resonance with scanning tunneling microscopy: A tool for an on\u2010surface quantum platform of identical qubits","volume":"7","author":"Choi D.\u2010J.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nanoscale Advances"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.96.205420","article-title":"Exchange mechanism for electron paramagnetic resonance of individual adatoms","volume":"96","author":"Lado J. L.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physical Review B"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","first-page":"8583","article-title":"Microscopic theory of spin resonance in scanning tunneling microscopy","volume":"19","author":"Ferr\u00f3n A.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nano Letters"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.100.035411","article-title":"Cotunneling mechanism for all\u2010electrical electron spin resonance of single adsorbed atoms","volume":"100","author":"Reina G\u00e1lvez J.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physical Review B"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.104.245435","article-title":"All\u2010electric electron spin resonance studied by means of Floquet quantum master equations","volume":"104","author":"Reina\u2010G\u00e1lvez J.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Physical Review B"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.107.235404","article-title":"Many\u2010body nonequilibrium effects in all\u2010electric electron spin resonance","volume":"107","author":"Reina\u2010G\u00e1lvez J.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Physical Review B"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevResearch.6.023126","article-title":"Theory of electron spin resonance in scanning tunneling microscopy","volume":"6","author":"Ast C. R.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Physical Review Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.133.176201","article-title":"Theory of electron spin resonance spectroscopy in scanning tunneling microscopy","volume":"133","author":"Ye L.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Physical Review Letters"},{"issue":"48","key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1038\/s41534-023-00716-6","article-title":"Universal quantum control of an atomic spin qubit on a surface","volume":"9","author":"Wang Y.","year":"2023","journal-title":"npj Quantum Information"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/s41557-021-00827-7","article-title":"Electron spin resonance of single iron phthalocyanine molecules and role of their non\u2010localized spins in magnetic interactions","volume":"14","author":"Zhang X.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature Chemistry"},{"issue":"6702","key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adh4753","article-title":"Spin torque\u2013driven electron paramagnetic resonance of a single spin in a pentacene molecule","volume":"384","author":"Kovarik S.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7951","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-52270-0","article-title":"Coherent spin dynamics between electron and nucleus within a single atom","volume":"15","author":"Veldman L. M.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7785","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-63232-5","article-title":"Single\u2010shot readout of the nuclear spin of an on\u2010surface atom","volume":"16","author":"Stolte E. W.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5289","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-49447-y","article-title":"Electrically driven spin resonance of 4f electrons in a single atom on a surface","volume":"15","author":"Reale S.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5208","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-60409-w","article-title":"Quantum spin\u2010engineering in on\u2010surface molecular ferrimagnets","volume":"16","author":"Huang W.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1038\/s41567-026-03353-w","article-title":"Exchange\u2010mediated spin\u2013electric control of single molecules on surfaces","volume":"22","author":"Greule P.","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nature Physics"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1466","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-024-01724-z","article-title":"A quantum sensor for atomic\u2010scale electric and magnetic fields","volume":"19","author":"Esat T.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature Nanotechnology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1782","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-024-01775-2","article-title":"Construction of topological quantum magnets from atomic spins on surfaces","volume":"19","author":"Wang H.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature Nanotechnology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.119.227206","article-title":"Engineering the eigenstates of coupled spin\u20101\/2$1\/2$ atoms on a surface","volume":"119","author":"Yang K.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physical Review Letters"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8048","DOI":"10.1039\/D5NA00421G","article-title":"Unraveling spin entanglement using quantum gates with scanning tunneling microscopy\u2010driven electron spin resonance","volume":"7","author":"Switzer E. D.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nanoscale Advances"}],"container-title":["Journal of Microscopy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jmi.70187","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/jmi.70187","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jmi.70187","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T12:40:44Z","timestamp":1791636044000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jmi.70187"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]]},"references-count":44,"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jmi.70187"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jmi.70187","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-2720","1365-2818"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-2720","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2818","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-07-31","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-01","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-10","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"jmi.70187"}}