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Archived serum (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009133) was analyzed for TT\n                      <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                      , FT\n                      <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                      , total triiodothyronine (TT\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      ), and thyroid\u2010stimulating hormone (TSH).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Female orangutans had significantly higher TT\n                      <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                      and TT\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      levels compared to males. Adolescent male orangutans had significantly higher FT\n                      <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                      levels compared to adolescent females. Adolescent orangutans had significantly higher TT\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      levels compared to adults. Orangutans exhibiting three or more clinical signs consistent with hypothyroidism (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20098) had significantly higher TSH levels compared to clinically normal orangutans (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009125) but no significant differences in TT\n                      <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                      , FT\n                      <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                      , or TT\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Age and sex\u2010related variation in circulating thyroid hormone concentrations in orangutans is described. Elevated TSH levels are the most consistent finding in orangutans with clinical signs of hypothyroidism.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jmp.70073","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T05:19:33Z","timestamp":1776403173000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Validation of Immunoassays for Total Thyroxine and Free Thyroxine and Age and Sex\u2010Related Variation in Thyroid Hormone Serum Concentrations in Orangutans (\n                    <i>Pongo<\/i>\n                    sp.)"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7371-394X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melissa A.","family":"Fayette","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Indianapolis Zoo  Indianapolis Indiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1525-1166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anneke","family":"Moresco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproductive Health Surveillance Program  Morrison Colorado USA"},{"name":"Michigan State University College of Veterinary Medicine  East Lansing Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enass","family":"Bassiouny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michigan State University College of Veterinary Medicine  East Lansing Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dalen W.","family":"Agnew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproductive Health Surveillance Program  Morrison Colorado USA"},{"name":"Michigan State University College of Veterinary Medicine  East Lansing Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Petroff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michigan State University College of Veterinary Medicine  East Lansing Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13044\u2010023\u201000149\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3803\/EnM.2022.1463"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c150027"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4557-4858-7.00021-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.23530"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1638\/2014\u20100127.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1638\/2018\u20100041"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1983.183.11.1326"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","first-page":"537","article-title":"Diagnosis of Hypothyroidism in a Western Lowland Gorilla (\n                     Gorilla gorilla gorilla\n                  ) Using Human Thyroid\u2010Stimulating Hormone Assay","volume":"30","author":"Lair S.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2013\u20101717"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","unstructured":"W. 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