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We examined whether E\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      deprivation also impairs microvascular flow and cardiac function.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Offspring of untreated baboons, letrozole\u2010treated baboons, or letrozole plus E\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      (maternal s.c. injections during the second half of gestation) underwent contrast\u2010enhanced microbubble ultrasonography to quantify microvessel flow and echocardiography to assess cardiac performance.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Letrozole reduced maternal serum E\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      by 95% (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01). In letrozole offspring, microbubble flux rate (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) fell 55% (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.02), replenishment was 5\u2009s slower (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.03), and microvessel flow declined 40% (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.05); all were restored by added E\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      . Indices of systolic (isovolumic contraction), diastolic (isovolumic relaxation), global performance (Tei index), and cardiac output were unchanged.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Prolonged gestational E\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      deprivation programs a reduction in microvascular flow without altering cardiac function; maternal E\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      prevents this, supporting E\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      's role in optimizing postnatal perfusion and metabolic health.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jmp.70076","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T04:02:44Z","timestamp":1776484964000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Estrogen Deprivation During Primate (\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>Papio anubis<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    ) Pregnancy: Impact on Systemic Microvascular Flow and Cardiovascular Development and Function After Birth in Offspring"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0919-6487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sifa","family":"Turan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences University of Maryland School of Medicine  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffery S.","family":"Babischkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences University of Maryland School of Medicine  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Graham W.","family":"Aberdeen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences University of Maryland School of Medicine  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6229-5831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerald J.","family":"Pepe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Translational Sciences Macon and Joan Brock Virginia Health Sciences at Old Dominion University  Norfolk Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2827-9739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eugene D.","family":"Albrecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences University of Maryland School of Medicine  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.298.6673.564"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE\u201015\u20100530"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020\u2010016\u20101145\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.198"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s\u20102002\u201023506"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.089680"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db07\u20101444"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2009\u20100035"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00020.2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnaa025"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI111938"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/476279"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/84.3.475"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE\u201023\u20100364"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqac037"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2005020160"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2004.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000691"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dci22\u20100014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","volume-title":"Endotext [Internet]","author":"Oktay A. 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