{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T04:00:46Z","timestamp":1791518446406,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,5]],"date-time":"2014-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1409875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Midwife Womens Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Like members of any other population, transgender and gender variant people \u2010 individuals whose gender identity varies from the traditional norm or from the sex they were assigned at birth \u2010 often seek parenthood. Little is known about the decision making and experiences of these individuals, including male\u2010identified and gender\u2010variant natal females who wish to achieve parenthood by carrying a pregnancy. This pilot qualitative study used grounded theory methodology to explore the conception, pregnancy, and birth experiences of this population of parents.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A grounded theory methodology was used to guide data collection and analysis. Eight male\u2010identified or gender\u2010variant gestational parents participated in the study. Data collection included individual 60\u2010minute to 90\u2010minute interviews conducted by recorded online video calls, as well as a self\u2010administered online demographic survey. Data were collected from September 2011 through May 2012. Data saturation was achieved at 6 interviews, after which 2 more interviews were conducted. The interviews were transcribed verbatim, and a constant comparative method was used to analyze the interview transcripts.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Loneliness was the overarching theme that permeated participants\u2019 experiences, social interactions, and emotional responses during every stage of achieving biologic parenthood. Within this context of loneliness, participants described complex internal and external processes of navigating identity. Navigating identity encapsulated 2 subthemes: undergoing internal struggles and engaging with the external world. The preconception period was identified as participants\u2019 time of greatest distress and least involvement with health care.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The findings of this study suggest that culturally\u2010sensitive preconception counseling could be beneficial for transgender and gender\u2010variant individuals. The grounded theory produced by this pilot investigation also provides insights that will be useful to health care providers and others working with male\u2010identified and gender\u2010variant prospective parents.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jmwh.12213","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,5]],"date-time":"2014-09-05T15:26:27Z","timestamp":1409930787000},"page":"62-69","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":162,"title":["Conception, Pregnancy, and Birth Experiences of Male and Gender Variant Gestational Parents: It's How We Could Have a Family"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Simon Adriane","family":"Ellis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danuta M.","family":"Wojnar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Pettinato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Trans behind bars: officials, activists struggle with options","volume":"34","author":"Richard D","year":"2001","journal-title":"Contemp Sexuality"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.91.6.869"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2007.127811"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","unstructured":"National Gay and Lesbian Task Force.Injustice at every turn: a report of the National Transgender Discrimination Survey. 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