{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T06:01:43Z","timestamp":1790748103169,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790640000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Midwife Womens Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among racial and ethnic groups, African American women experience some of the lowest breastfeeding rates, yet they remain underrepresented in breastfeeding research. Social media has the potential to increase their participation, but practical examples of its use are needed to accompany existing guidelines.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used Facebook to recruit African American, breastfeeding women for our cross\u2010sectional survey research designed to explore breastfeeding and human milk expression behaviors. We describe the steps undertaken and challenges faced with our recruitment efforts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The steps included (1) identifying relevant Facebook groups, (2) contacting administrators, (3) posting and sustaining visibility, and (4) addressing the challenges encountered related to survey completion, including bots, discordant answers, missing data, and sample size, and how we addressed each. Of the private Facebook groups contacted, 21.6% permitted recruitment, resulting in a final sample of 133 African American women who completed the survey.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Many challenges were encountered in social media recruitment. We offer practical guidance for researchers contemplating similar platforms to recruit participants for breastfeeding or other maternal health research, especially those recruiting hard\u2010to\u2010reach or underrepresented populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jmwh.70179","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T05:42:23Z","timestamp":1790746943000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Social Media Recruitment to Increase Participation Among Hard\u2010to\u2010Reach Populations: Experiences From a Breastfeeding Study of African American Women"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"given":"Nicole G.","family":"Moody","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing University of Delaware  Newark Delaware"},{"name":"Conway School of Nursing The Catholic University of America  Washington District of Columbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca C.","family":"Robert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Conway School of Nursing The Catholic University of America  Washington District of Columbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amira A.","family":"Roess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global and Community Health College of Public Health George Mason University  Fairfax Virginia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2022\u2010057988"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.13093"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5888\/pcd20.230199"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2023.0082"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/38015"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","volume-title":"Social Media Use in 2021","author":"Auxier B","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","volume-title":"Americans\u2019 Social Media Use 2025","author":"Gottfried J","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.1878"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gpsych\u20102020\u2010100264"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chbr.2022.100206"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/40298"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/68093"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/70149"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","volume-title":"Internet Research: Ethical Guidelines 3.0","author":"Franzke AS"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","volume-title":"Guidance Regarding Social Media Tools"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","volume-title":"Use of Social Media by Research Subjects: Ethical and Regulatory Considerations for the Protection of Human Research Subjects","author":"Office for Human Research Protections","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15265161.2016.1276644"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/44587"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/31231"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","unstructured":"Fraud Detection: Adding Fraudulent Detection Fields to the Survey Flow. Qualtrics website. 2023. Accessed October 10 2023.https:\/\/www.qualtrics.com\/support\/survey\u2010platform\/survey\u2010module\/survey\u2010checker\/fraud\u2010detection\/#SurveyFlow"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/47705"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/52448"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/23021"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","article-title":"Investigator racial diversity and clinical trial participation","author":"Alsan M","journal-title":"Natl Bur Econ Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615\u2010022\u201001435\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","unstructured":"StatlerM KoolsS.The impact of racial concordance on African American participation in nursing research: A qualitative descriptive study.University of Virginia Library. Published November 19 2021. Accessed May 7 2025.https:\/\/libraetd.lib.virginia.edu\/public_view\/cz30pt59q"}],"container-title":["Journal of Midwifery &amp; Women's Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jmwh.70179","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/jmwh.70179","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jmwh.70179","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T05:42:26Z","timestamp":1790746946000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jmwh.70179"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"references-count":26,"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jmwh.70179"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jmwh.70179","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1526-9523","1542-2011"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1526-9523","type":"print"},{"value":"1542-2011","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-09-29","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"jmwh.70179"}}