{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T17:51:31Z","timestamp":1791049891642,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,7]],"date-time":"2013-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1357516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["30801212"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["30801212"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neurochemistry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Hyperhomocysteinemia (Hhcy) may induce memory deficits with \u03b2\u2010amyloid (A\u03b2) accumulation and tau hyperphosphorylation. Simultaneous supplement of folate and vitamin B12 partially restored the plasma homocysteine level and attenuated tau hyperphosphorylation, A\u03b2 accumulation and memory impairments induced by Hhcy. However, folate and vitamin B12 treatment have no effects on Hhcy which has the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase genotype mutation. In this study, we investigated the effects of simultaneous supplement of betaine on Alzheimer\u2010like pathological changes and memory deficits in hyperhomocysteinemic rats after a 2\u2010week induction by vena caudalis injection of homocysteine (Hcy). We found that supplementation of betaine could ameliorate the Hcy\u2010induced memory deficits, enhance long\u2010term potentiation (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LTP<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ) and increase dendritic branches numbers and the density of the dendritic spines, with up\u2010regulation of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    1,\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    2A, synaptotagmin, synaptophysin, and phosphorylated synapsin I protein levels. Supplementation of betaine also attenuated the Hcy\u2010induced tau hyperphosphorylation at multiple\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    \u2010related sites through activation protein phosphatase\u20102A (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PP<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    2A) with decreased inhibitory demethylated\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PP<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    2\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      A\n                      <jats:sub>C<\/jats:sub>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    at Leu309 and phosphorylated\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PP<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    2\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      A\n                      <jats:sub>C<\/jats:sub>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    at Tyr307. In addition, supplementation of betaine also decreased A\u03b2 production with decreased presenilin\u20101 protein levels. Our data suggest that betaine could be a promising candidate for arresting Hcy\u2010induced\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    \u2010like pathological changes and memory deficits.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.12094","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,16]],"date-time":"2012-11-16T08:10:51Z","timestamp":1353053451000},"page":"388-396","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":140,"title":["Betaine attenuates Alzheimer\u2010like pathological changes and memory deficits induced by homocysteine"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"124","author":[{"given":"Gao\u2010Shang","family":"Chai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Chinese Ministry of Education Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 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