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Next, the effects of the anti\u2010seizure drugs were investigated on the rise in cytokine expression induced by lipopolysaccharides (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LPS<\/jats:styled-content>) inoculation <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>. To validate our methods, the changes induced by the pro\u2010convulsive agents 4\u2010aminopyridine, pentylenetetrazole and pilocarpine were also tested. Finally, the effect of the anti\u2010seizure drugs on seizures and on the concomitant rise in pro\u2010inflammatory cytokine expression induced by 4\u2010aminopyridine was explored. Results show that vinpocetine and carbamazepine reduced the expression of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101\u03b2 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TNF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b1 from basal conditions, and the increase in both pro\u2010inflammatory cytokines induced by <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LPS<\/jats:styled-content>. In contrast, valproic acid failed to reduce both the expression of the cytokines from basal conditions and the rise in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101\u03b2 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TNF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b1 expression induced by <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LPS<\/jats:styled-content>. Tonic\u2010clonic seizures induced either by 4\u2010aminopyridine, pentylenetetrazole or pilocarpine increased the expression of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101\u03b2 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TNF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b1 markedly. 4\u2010aminopyridine\u2010induced changes were reduced by all the tested anti\u2010seizure drugs, although valproic acid was less effective. We conclude that the anti\u2010seizure drugs, vinpocetine and carbamazepine, whose mechanisms of action involve a decrease in ion channels permeability, also reduce cerebral inflammation.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n<jats:boxed-text content-type=\"graphic\" position=\"anchor\"><jats:graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" mimetype=\"image\/png\" position=\"anchor\" specific-use=\"enlarged-web-image\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/jnc12784-fig-0006-m.png\"><jats:alt-text>image<\/jats:alt-text><\/jats:graphic><\/jats:boxed-text>\nThe mechanism of action of anti\u2010seizure drugs like vinpocetine and carbamazepine involves a decrease in Na<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> channels permeability. We here propose that this mechanism of action also involves a decrease in cerebral inflammation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.12784","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,5]],"date-time":"2014-06-05T16:13:22Z","timestamp":1401984802000},"page":"770-779","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":79,"title":["The anti\u2010seizure drugs vinpocetine and carbamazepine, but not valproic acid, reduce inflammatory <scp>IL<\/scp>\u20101\u03b2 and <scp>TNF<\/scp>\u2010\u03b1 expression in rat hippocampus"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"130","author":[{"given":"Carlos D.","family":"G\u00f3mez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Celular y Fisiolog\u00eda Instituto de Investigaciones Biom\u00e9dicas Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico M\u00e9xico DF M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rudolf M.","family":"Buijs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Celular y Fisiolog\u00eda Instituto de Investigaciones Biom\u00e9dicas Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico M\u00e9xico DF M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Sitges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Celular y Fisiolog\u00eda Instituto de Investigaciones Biom\u00e9dicas Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico M\u00e9xico DF M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2013.05.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20830"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","first-page":"560","article-title":"Disposition of valpromide, valproic acid, and valnoctamide in the brain, liver, plasma, and urine of rats","volume":"24","author":"Blotnik S.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Drug Metab. 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