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However, whether and how propofol can inhibit post\u2010cardiac arrest brain injury via inhibition of microglia activation remains unclear. A rat model of asphyxia cardiac arrest (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CA<\/jats:styled-content>) was created followed by cardiopulmonary resuscitation. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CA<\/jats:styled-content> induced marked microglial activation in the hippocampal <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CA<\/jats:styled-content>1 region, revealed by increased <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OX<\/jats:styled-content>42 and P2 class of purinoceptor 7 (P2X7R) expression, as well as p38 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MAPK<\/jats:styled-content> phosphorylation. Morris water maze showed that learning and memory deficits following <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CA<\/jats:styled-content> could be inhibited or alleviated by pre\u2010treatment with the microglial inhibitor minocycline or propofol. Microglial activation was significantly suppressed likely via the P2X7R\/p\u2010p38 pathway by propofol. Moreover, hippocampal neuronal injuries after <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CA<\/jats:styled-content> were remarkably attenuated by propofol. <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic> experiment showed that propofol pre\u2010treatment inhibited <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ATP<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010induced microglial activation and release of tumor necrosis factor\u2010\u03b1 and interleukin\u20101\u03b2. In addition, propofol protected neurons from injury when co\u2010culturing with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ATP<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010treated microglia. Our data suggest that propofol pre\u2010treatment inhibits <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CA<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010induced microglial activation and neuronal injury in the hippocampus and ultimately improves cognitive function.\n<jats:boxed-text content-type=\"graphic\" position=\"anchor\"><jats:graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" mimetype=\"image\/png\" position=\"anchor\" specific-use=\"enlarged-web-image\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/jnc13179-fig-0008-m.png\"><jats:alt-text>image<\/jats:alt-text><\/jats:graphic><\/jats:boxed-text>\n<\/jats:p><jats:p>We proposed a possible mechanism of propofol\u2010mediated brain protection after cardiac arrest (CA). CA induces P2X7R upregulation and p38 phosphorylation in microglia, which induces release of TNF\u2010\u03b1 and IL\u20101\u03b2 and consequent neuronal injury. Propofol could inhibit microglial activation and alleviate neuronal damage. Our results suggest propofol\u2010induced anti\u2010inflammatory treatment as a plausible strategy for therapeutic intervention in post\u2010CA brain injury.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.13179","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,27]],"date-time":"2015-05-27T14:11:59Z","timestamp":1432735919000},"page":"892-903","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Inhibition of microglial activation contributes to propofol\u2010induced protection against post\u2010cardiac arrest brain injury in rats"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"134","author":[{"given":"Wei","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology Department of Anesthesiology School of Stomatology the Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology Department of Anesthesiology School of Stomatology the Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Da\u2010yun","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Tangdu Hospital the Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li\u2010rong","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology Department of Anesthesiology School of Stomatology the Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology Department of Anesthesiology School of Stomatology the Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology Department of Anesthesiology School of Stomatology the Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1227901"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aet059"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-2010-0531"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2011.12.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-9-69"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/ael270"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035324"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000328989"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199009000-00021"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.103.059600"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/ane.0b013e3181b0511e"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.05.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2011.11.060"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2008.03.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5087-12.2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e31825f92da"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-012-9478-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2012.06.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0b013e32835509db"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0050444"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5406-11.2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0017598"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3182186d42"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2010.11.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2010.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2012.88"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aeu290"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6363(96)00073-9","article-title":"The role of nitric oxide and cell adhesion molecules on the microcirculation in ischaemia\u2010reperfusion","volume":"32","author":"Lefer A. 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