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Iron accumulation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of intracranial hemorrhage. Deferoxamine (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DFX<\/jats:styled-content>), a metal chelator, removes iron overload and protects against brain damage in intracranial hemorrhage. In this study, the protective effects of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DFX<\/jats:styled-content> against microhemorrhage were examined in mice. C57<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BL<\/jats:styled-content>6 and Thy\u20101 green fluorescent protein transgenic mice were subjected to perforating artery microhemorrhages on the right posterior parietal cortex using two\u2010photon laser irradiation. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DFX<\/jats:styled-content> (100\u00a0mg\/kg) was administered 6\u00a0h after microhemorrhage induction, followed by every 12\u00a0h for three consecutive days. The water maze task was conducted 7\u00a0days after induction of microhemorrhages, followed by measurement of blood\u2013brain barrier permeability, iron deposition, microglial activation, and dendritic damage. Laser\u2010induced multiple microbleeds in the right parietal cortex clearly led to spatial memory disruption, iron deposits, microglial activation, and dendritic damage, which were significantly attenuated by <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DFX<\/jats:styled-content>, supporting the targeting of iron overload as a therapeutic option and the significant potential of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DFX<\/jats:styled-content> in microhemorrhage treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>\n<jats:boxed-text content-type=\"graphic\" position=\"anchor\"><jats:graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" mimetype=\"image\/png\" position=\"anchor\" specific-use=\"enlarged-web-image\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/jnc13657-fig-0005-m.png\"><jats:alt-text>image<\/jats:alt-text><\/jats:graphic><\/jats:boxed-text>Irons accumulation after intracranial hemorrhage induced a serious secondary damage to the brain. We proposed that irons accumulation after parietal microhemorrhages impaired spatial cognition. After parietal multiple microhemorrhages, increased irons and ferritin contents induced blood\u2013brain barrier disruption, microglial activation, and further induced dendrites loss, eventually impaired the water maze, deferoxamine treatment protected from these damages.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.13657","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,11]],"date-time":"2016-05-11T18:09:39Z","timestamp":1462990179000},"page":"436-447","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Deferoxamine inhibits microglial activation, attenuates blood\u2013brain barrier disruption, rescues dendritic damage, and improves spatial memory in a mouse model of microhemorrhages"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"138","author":[{"given":"Xiao\u2010fei","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases Department of Neurology National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology The First Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat\u2010sen University Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Lan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Guangzhou First People's Hospital Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine The First Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat\u2010sen University Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong\u2010xu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine The First Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat\u2010sen University Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qinmei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory on Assisted Circulation Department of Cardiovascular Medicine Ministry of Health First Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat\u2010sen University Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng\u2010ying","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases Department of Neurology National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology The First Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat\u2010sen University Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin\u2010sheng","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases Department of Neurology National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology The First Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat\u2010sen University Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guang\u2010qing","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine The First Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat\u2010sen University Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhong","family":"Pei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases Department of Neurology National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology The First Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat\u2010sen University Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1248903"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.110.596718"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2011.12.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2008.21149"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2014.07.051"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq321"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jcbfm.9600155"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2014.04.042"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)00084-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","first-page":"681","article-title":"In vivo 2\u2010photon calcium imaging in layer 2\/3 of mice","volume":"13","author":"Golshani P.","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. 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