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However, the mechanism underlying these adverse effects has not been clarified. It is known that oxidative stress plays an important role in neurological injuries induced by harmful factors. Nuclear factor erythroid 2\u2010related factor (Nrf2) is very important in the response to oxidative stress in tissues and cells. The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of lanthanum chloride (LaCl<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>) on the spatial learning and memory of rats and to determine whether the Nrf2\/antioxidant response element pathway acts in the hippocampus. Four groups of Wistar rats were exposed to 0\u00a0mM, 9\u00a0mM, 18\u00a0mM or 36\u00a0mM LaCl<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> through their drinking water from the day of birth to 2\u00a0months after weaning. The results showed that LaCl<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> impaired the spatial learning and memory of the rats, damaged the neuronal ultrastructure, increased reactive oxygen species levels and significantly down\u2010regulated Nrf2 as well as the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">mRNA<\/jats:styled-content> and protein expression of Nrf2\u2010regulated genes, including <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NADP<\/jats:styled-content>(H): dehydrogenase quinone 1, haeme oxygenase\u20101, superoxide dismutase 2, glutathione peroxidase 1, glutathione\u2010<jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\u2010transferase, \u03b3\u2010glutamine cysteine synthase and glutathione reductase, in the hippocampus. This study suggests that LaCl<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> can impair the spatial learning and memory of rats, possibly by perturbing the Nrf2\/antioxidant response element signalling pathway.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>\n<jats:boxed-text content-type=\"graphic\" position=\"anchor\"><jats:graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" mimetype=\"image\/png\" position=\"anchor\" specific-use=\"enlarged-web-image\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/jnc13895-fig-0006-m.png\"><jats:alt-text>image<\/jats:alt-text><\/jats:graphic><\/jats:boxed-text><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.13895","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,15]],"date-time":"2016-11-15T12:28:06Z","timestamp":1479212886000},"page":"463-475","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["The effect of nuclear factor erythroid 2\u2010related factor\/antioxidant response element signalling pathway in the lanthanum chloride\u2010induced impairment of learning and memory in rats"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"140","author":[{"given":"Lijin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology School of Public Health China Medical University Shenyang Liaoning China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinghua","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology School of Public Health China Medical University Shenyang Liaoning China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cuihong","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology School of Public Health China Medical University Shenyang Liaoning China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengwen","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology School of Public Health China Medical University Shenyang Liaoning China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaobo","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology School of Public Health China Medical University Shenyang Liaoning China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyu","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology School of Public Health China Medical University Shenyang Liaoning China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaling","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology School of Public Health China Medical University Shenyang Liaoning China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology School of Public Health China Medical University Shenyang Liaoning China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2006.05.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0892-0362(00)00075-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","first-page":"180","article-title":"The progress of research on cell toxicology of Rare earths","volume":"15","author":"Cao R.","year":"2007","journal-title":"China Ecol. 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