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Currently, no cure exists and extensive efforts are being made to mitigate cognitive impairment in late life in order to reduce the burden on patients, caregivers, and society. The most common type of dementia, Alzheimer's disease (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AD<\/jats:styled-content>), and vascular dementia (VaD) often co\u2010exists in the brain and shares common, modifiable risk factors, which are targeted in numerous secondary prevention trials. There is a growing need for non\u2010pharmacological interventions and infrastructural support from governments to encourage psychosocial and behavioral interventions. Secondary prevention trials need to be redesigned based on the risk profile of individual subjects, which require the use of validated and standardized clinical, biological, and neuroimaging biomarkers. Multi\u2010domain approaches have been proposed in high\u2010risk populations that target optimal treatment; clinical trials need to recruit <jats:italic>individuals<\/jats:italic> at the highest risk of dementia before symptoms develop, thereby identifying an enriched disease group to test preventative and disease modifying strategies. The underlying aim should be to reduce microscopic brain tissue loss by modifying vascular and lifestyle risk factors over a relatively short period of time, thus optimizing the opportunity for preventing dementia in the future. Collaboration between international research groups is of key importance to the optimal use and allocation of existing resources, and the development of new techniques in preventing dementia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>\n<jats:boxed-text content-type=\"graphic\" position=\"anchor\"><jats:graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" mimetype=\"image\/png\" position=\"anchor\" specific-use=\"enlarged-web-image\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/jnc14132-fig-0002-m.png\"><jats:alt-text>image<\/jats:alt-text><\/jats:graphic><\/jats:boxed-text>\n<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/journal\/10.1111\/(ISSN)1471-4159\/homepage\/special_issues.htm#Vascular Dementia\">This article is part of the Special Issue \u201cVascular Dementia\u201d<\/jats:ext-link>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.14132","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,22]],"date-time":"2017-07-22T13:26:37Z","timestamp":1500729997000},"page":"565-581","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":115,"title":["Dementia risk and prevention by targeting modifiable vascular risk factors"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"144","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7437-5794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sana","family":"Tariq","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Seaman Family MR Center Foothills Medical Centre Calgary AB Canada"},{"name":"Hotchkiss Brain Institute Foothills Medical Center Room 1A10 Health Research Innovation Center Calgary AB Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip A.","family":"Barber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hotchkiss Brain Institute Foothills Medical Center Room 1A10 Health Research Innovation Center Calgary AB Canada"},{"name":"Calgary Stroke Program Department of Clinical Neurosciences Foothills Medical Centre Calgary AB Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0081093"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2014-307662"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","first-page":"82","article-title":"Cognitive\/clinical endpoints for pre\u2010dementia AD trials","volume":"2","author":"Aisen P. 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