{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T07:57:43Z","timestamp":1769759863978,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,6]],"date-time":"2017-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1509926400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RO1 NS 052305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RO1 NS 052305"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["8UL1TR000041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8UL1TR000041"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neurochemistry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>Vascular cognitive impairment and dementia (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VCID<\/jats:styled-content>) is a major public health concern because of the increased incidence of vascular disease in the aging population and the impact of vascular disease on Alzheimer's disease. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VCID<\/jats:styled-content> is a heterogeneous group of diseases for which there are no proven treatments. Biomarkers can be used to select more homogeneous populations. Small vessel disease is the most prevalent form of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VCID<\/jats:styled-content> and is the optimal form for treatment trials because there is a progressive course with characteristic pathological changes. Subcortical ischemic vascular disease of the Binswanger type (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SIVD<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BD<\/jats:styled-content>) has a characteristic set of features that can be used both to identify patients and to follow treatment. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SIVD<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BD<\/jats:styled-content> patients have clinical, neuropsychological, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and imaging features that can be used as biomarkers. No one feature is diagnostic, but a multimodal approach defines the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SIVD<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BD<\/jats:styled-content> spectrum disorder. The most important features are large white matter lesions with axonal damage, blood\u2013brain barrier disruption as shown by magnetic resonance imaging and CSF, and neuropsychological evidence of executive dysfunction. We have used these features to create a Binswanger Disease Scale and a probability of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SIVD<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BD<\/jats:styled-content>, using a machine\u2010learning algorithm. The patients discussed in this review are derived from published studies. Biomarkers not only aid in early diagnosis before the disease process has progressed too far for treatment, but also can indicate response to treatment. Refining the use of biomarkers will allow dementia treatment to enter the era of precision medicine.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>\n<jats:boxed-text content-type=\"graphic\" position=\"anchor\"><jats:graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" mimetype=\"image\/png\" position=\"anchor\" specific-use=\"enlarged-web-image\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/jnc14218-fig-0008-m.png\"><jats:alt-text>image<\/jats:alt-text><\/jats:graphic><\/jats:boxed-text>\n<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/journal\/10.1111\/(ISSN)1471-4159\/homepage\/special_issues.htm#Vascular Dementia\">This article is part of the Special Issue \u201cVascular Dementia\u201d<\/jats:ext-link>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.14218","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,13]],"date-time":"2017-09-13T14:42:41Z","timestamp":1505313761000},"page":"634-643","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Binswanger's disease: biomarkers in the inflammatory form of vascular cognitive impairment and dementia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"144","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7426-7064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gary A.","family":"Rosenberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor of Neurology, Neurosciences, and Cell Biology UNM Memory and Aging Center University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center Albuquerque New Mexico USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.17.6.1090"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.17.6.1084"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.18.1.2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2015.113"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.53.11.961"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.28.9_Part_2.93"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.28.10.1940"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410190306"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.110.600825"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.45.4.626"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.28.12.1206"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-016-0334-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.30.9.920"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","first-page":"51","article-title":"Detection of Alzheimer's disease at mild cognitive impairment and disease progression using autoantibodies as blood\u2010based biomarkers","volume":"3","author":"DeMarshall C. 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