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Modulating microglia functions could be instrumental to interfere with disease pathogenesis. Previous studies have shown anti\u2010inflammatory effects of acetylcholine (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AC<\/jats:styled-content>h) or norepinephrine (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NE<\/jats:styled-content>), which mainly activates the \u03b2\u2010receptors on microglial cells. Non\u2010invasive vagus nerve stimulation (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">nVNS<\/jats:styled-content>) is used in treatment of drug\u2010resistant depression, which is a risk factor for developing <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AD<\/jats:styled-content>. The vagus nerve projects to the brainstem's locus coeruleus from which noradrenergic fibers reach to the Nucleus Basalis of Meynert (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NBM<\/jats:styled-content>) and widely throughout the brain. Pilot studies showed first signs of cognitive\u2010enhancing effects of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">nVNS<\/jats:styled-content> in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AD<\/jats:styled-content> patients. In this study, the effects of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">nVNS<\/jats:styled-content> on mouse microglia cell morphology were analyzed over a period of 280\u00a0min by 2\u2010photon laser scanning <jats:italic>in\u00a0vivo<\/jats:italic> microscopy. Total branch length, average branch order and number of branches, which are commonly used indicators for the microglial activation state were determined and compared between young and old wild\u2010type and amyloid precursor protein\/presenilin\u20101 (APP\/PS1) transgenic mice. Overall, these experiments show strong morphological changes in microglia, from a neurodestructive to a neuroprotective phenotype, following a brief <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">nVNS<\/jats:styled-content> in aged animals, especially in APP\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PS<\/jats:styled-content>1 animals, whereas microglia from young animals were morphologically unaffected.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>\n<jats:boxed-text content-type=\"graphic\" position=\"anchor\"><jats:graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" mimetype=\"image\/png\" position=\"anchor\" specific-use=\"enlarged-web-image\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/jnc14284-fig-0003-m.png\"><jats:alt-text>image<\/jats:alt-text><\/jats:graphic><\/jats:boxed-text>\n<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.14284","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,22]],"date-time":"2017-12-22T06:41:25Z","timestamp":1513924885000},"page":"76-85","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":102,"title":["Microglia modulation through external vagus nerve stimulation in a murine model of Alzheimer's disease"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"146","author":[{"given":"Robert","family":"Kaczmarczyk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurodegenerative Disease and Gerontopsychiatry University of Bonn Bonn Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dario","family":"Tejera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurodegenerative Disease and Gerontopsychiatry University of Bonn Bonn Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce J.","family":"Simon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"electroCore LLC Basking Ridge New Jersey USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4996-1630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael T.","family":"Heneka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurodegenerative Disease and Gerontopsychiatry University of Bonn Bonn Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2017.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2015.11.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002093-198701040-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1332.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000437"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.201694591"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12127"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.106.104166"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","first-page":"201","article-title":"Modulation of microglial function by the antidepressant drug venlafaxine","volume":"7","author":"Dubovick\u00fd M.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Interdiscip. 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