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Determining whether rewarding, aversive and salient stimuli regulate the activity of striatal spiny projections neurons (SPNs) of the TS is therefore of paramount importance to understand its functions, which remain largely elusive. Taking advantage of genetically encoded biosensors (A\u2010kinase activity reporter 3) to record protein kinase A signals and by analyzing the distribution of dopamine D1R\u2010 and D2R\u2010SPNs in the TS, we characterized three subterritories: a D2R\/A2aR\u2010lacking, a D1R\/D2R\u2010intermingled and a D1R\/D2R\u2010SPNs\u2010enriched area (corresponding to the amygdalostriatal transition). In addition, we provide evidence that the distribution of D1R\u2010 and D2R\u2010SPNs in the TS is evolutionarily conserved (mouse, rat, gerbil). The\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      analysis of extracellular signal\u2010regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation in these TS subterritories in response to distinct appetitive, aversive and pharmacological stimuli revealed that SPNs of the TS are not recruited by stimuli triggering innate aversive responses, fasting, satiety, or palatable signals whereas a reduction in ERK phosphorylation occurred following learned avoidance. In contrast, D1R\u2010SPNs of the intermingled and D2R\/A2aR\u2010lacking areas were strongly activated by both D1R agonists and psychostimulant drugs (d\u2010amphetamine, cocaine, 3,4\u2010methyl enedioxy methamphetamine, or methylphenidate), but not by hallucinogens. Finally, a similar pattern of ERK activation was observed by blocking selectively dopamine reuptake. Together, our results reveal that the caudal TS might participate in the processing of specific reward signals and discrete aversive stimuli.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:label\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:boxed-text content-type=\"graphic\" position=\"anchor\">\n                        <jats:graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" mimetype=\"image\/png\" position=\"anchor\" specific-use=\"enlarged-web-image\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/jnc14804-fig-0010-m.png\">\n                          <jats:alt-text>image<\/jats:alt-text>\n                        <\/jats:graphic>\n                      <\/jats:boxed-text>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Cover Image for this issue: doi:\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"doi\" xlink:href=\"10.1111\/jnc.14526\">10.1111\/jnc.14526<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>Open Science: This manuscript was awarded with the Open Materials Badge<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      For more information see:\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/cos.io\/our-services\/open-science-badges\/\">https:\/\/cos.io\/our-services\/open-science-badges\/<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.14804","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,27]],"date-time":"2019-06-27T08:15:31Z","timestamp":1561623331000},"page":"204-226","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Contrasting patterns of ERK activation in the tail of the striatum in response to aversive and 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