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Aberrant mitochondrial dynamics play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, regulation of mitochondrial dynamics may offer therapeutic benefit for the treatment of CSM. Muscone, the active ingredient of an odoriferous animal product, exhibits anti\u2010inflammatory and neuroprotective effects for which the underlying mechanisms remain obscure. We hypothesized that muscone might ameliorate inflammatory responses and neuronal damage by regulating mitochondrial dynamics. To this end, the effects of muscone on a rat model of chronic cervical cord compression, as well as activated BV2 cells and injured neurons, were assessed. The results showed that muscone intervention improved motor function compared with vehicle\u2010treated rats. Indeed, muscone attenuated pro\u2010inflammatory cytokine expression, neuronal\u2010apoptosis indicators in the lesion area, and activation of the nod\u2010like receptor family pyrin domain\u2010containing 3 inflammasome, nuclear transcription factor\u2010\u03baB, and dynamin\u2010related protein 1 in Iba1\u2010 and \u03b2III\u2010tubulin\u2010labeled cells. Compared with vehicle\u2010treated rats, compression sites of muscone\u2010treated animals exhibited elongated mitochondrial morphologies in individual cell types and reduced reactive oxygen species. In vitro results indicated that muscone suppressed microglial activation and neuronal damage by regulating related\u2010inflammatory or apoptotic molecules. Moreover, muscone inhibited dynamin\u2010related protein 1 activation in activated BV2 cells and injured neurons, whereby it rescued mitochondrial fragmentation and reactive oxygen species production, which regulate a wide range of inflammatory and apoptotic molecules. Our findings reveal that muscone attenuates neuroinflammation and neuronal damage in rats with chronic cervical cord compression by regulating mitochondrial fission events, suggesting its promise for CSM therapy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>\n<jats:boxed-text content-type=\"graphic\" position=\"anchor\"><jats:graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" mimetype=\"image\/png\" position=\"anchor\" specific-use=\"enlarged-web-image\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/jnc15011-fig-0015-m.png\"><jats:alt-text>image<\/jats:alt-text><\/jats:graphic><\/jats:boxed-text>\n<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.15011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,26]],"date-time":"2020-03-26T03:12:33Z","timestamp":1585192353000},"page":"154-176","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Muscone suppresses inflammatory responses and neuronal damage in a rat model of cervical spondylotic myelopathy by regulating Drp1\u2010dependent mitochondrial fission"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"155","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6779-7526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Long\u2010yun","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Spine Disease Institute Longhua Hospital Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones Ministry of Education Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai China"},{"name":"Rehabilitation Medicine College Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spine Disease Institute Longhua Hospital Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones Ministry of Education Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zi\u2010rui","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spine Disease Institute Longhua Hospital Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones Ministry of Education Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu\u2010fen","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spine Disease Institute Longhua Hospital Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones Ministry of Education Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai 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