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To understand this risk factor, researchers have studied the effects of prenatal and postnatal early life stress on neurochemical changes. Here we review the rodent literature on sex differences and sex\u2010specific impact of early life stress on frontal cortex neurochemistry. This region is implicated in regulating motivation and emotion, which are often disrupted in psychological disorders. The prefrontal cortex (PFC) in particular is one of the last brain regions to develop, and there are sex differences in the rate of this development. To draw direct comparisons between sexes, our review of the literature was restricted to studies where the effects of prenatal or postnatal stress had been described in male and female littermates. This literature included research describing glutamate, \u03b3\u2010amino butyric acid (GABA), corticosteroids, monoamines, and cannabinoids. We found that sex\u2010dependent effects of stress are mediated by the age at which stress is experienced, age at test, and type of stress endured. More research is required, particularly into the effects of adolescent stress on male and female littermates. We hope that a greater understanding of sex\u2010specific susceptibilities in response to stress across development will help to uncover risk factors for psychological disorders in vulnerable populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:label\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:boxed-text content-type=\"graphic\" position=\"anchor\">\n                        <jats:graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" mimetype=\"image\/png\" position=\"anchor\" specific-use=\"enlarged-web-image\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/jnc15208-fig-0003-m.png\">\n                          <jats:alt-text>image<\/jats:alt-text>\n                        <\/jats:graphic>\n                      <\/jats:boxed-text>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.15208","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,7]],"date-time":"2020-10-07T05:04:01Z","timestamp":1602047041000},"page":"963-981","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Sex differences in the neurochemistry of frontal cortex: Impact of early life stress"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"157","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6155-1469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina J.","family":"Perry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mental Health Theme The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health Parkville Vic Australia"},{"name":"Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health University of Melbourne Parkville Vic Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4722-6897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erin J.","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mental Health Theme The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health Parkville Vic Australia"},{"name":"Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health University of Melbourne Parkville Vic Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6534-7676","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine D.","family":"Drummond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mental Health Theme The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health Parkville Vic Australia"},{"name":"Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health University of Melbourne Parkville Vic Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2133-9308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeremy S.","family":"Lum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuropharmacology and Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory School of Medicine University of Wollongong Wollongong NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1299-4300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jee Hyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mental Health Theme The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health Parkville Vic Australia"},{"name":"Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health University of Melbourne Parkville Vic Australia"},{"name":"IMPACT \u2013 the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation School of Medicine Deakin University Geelong Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2014.06.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2013.07.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-002-0381-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.ctdb.2019.01.003","volume-title":"Rethinking sex determination of non\u2010gonadal tissues. 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