{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T18:43:28Z","timestamp":1775673808422,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":150,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,20]],"date-time":"2021-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018\u201002532"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\u201002532"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003792","name":"Hj\u00e4rnfonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FO2019\u20100228"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FO2019\u20100228"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003792","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009252","name":"Science for Life Laboratory","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KAW 2020.0182"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KAW 2020.0182"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009252","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010815","name":"Stiftelsen f\u00f6r Gamla Tj\u00e4narinnor","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010815","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017510","name":"UK Dementia Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017510","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neurochemistry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>Neurological symptoms are frequently reported in patients suffering from COVID\u201019. Common CNS\u2010related symptoms include anosmia, caused by viral interaction with either neurons or supporting cells in nasal olfactory tissues. Diffuse encephalopathy is the most common sign of CNS dysfunction, which likely results from the CNS consequences of the systemic inflammatory syndrome associated with severe COVID\u201019. Additionally, microvascular injuries and thromboembolic events likely contribute to the neurologic impact of acute COVID\u201019. These observations are supported by evidence of CNS immune activation in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and in autopsy tissue, along with the detection of microvascular injuries in both pathological and neuroimaging studies. The frequent occurrence of thromboembolic events in patients with COVID\u201019 has generated different hypotheses, among which viral interaction with perivascular cells is particularly attractive, yet unproven. A distinguishing feature of CSF findings in SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection is that clinical signs characteristic of neurotropic viral infections (CSF pleocytosis and blood\u2013brain barrier injury) are mild or absent. Moreover, virus detection in CSF is rare and often of uncertain significance. In this review, we provide an overview of the neurological impact that occurs in the acute phase of COVID\u201019, and the role of CSF biomarkers in the clinical management and research to better treat and understand the disease. In addition to aiding as diagnostic and prognostic tools during acute infection, the use of comprehensive and well\u2010characterized CSF and blood biomarkers will be vital in understanding the potential impact on the CNS in the rapidly increasing number of individuals recovering from COVID\u201019.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p><jats:boxed-text content-type=\"graphic\" position=\"anchor\"><jats:graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" mimetype=\"image\/png\" position=\"anchor\" specific-use=\"enlarged-web-image\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/jnc15459-fig-0002-m.png\"><jats:alt-text>image<\/jats:alt-text><\/jats:graphic><\/jats:boxed-text><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.15459","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,25]],"date-time":"2021-06-25T15:32:51Z","timestamp":1624635171000},"page":"61-77","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Neurochemical biomarkers to study CNS effects of COVID\u201019: A narrative review and synthesis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"159","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2817-9981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arvid","family":"Ed\u00e9n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases Institute of Biomedicine Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases Region V\u00e4stra G\u00f6taland Sahlgrenska University Hospital Gothenburg Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5081-6604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joel","family":"Simr\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry Institute of Neuroscience &amp; Physiology the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg M\u00f6lndal Sweden"},{"name":"Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory Sahlgrenska University Hospital M\u00f6lndal Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard W.","family":"Price","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology University of California San Francisco San Francisco CA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3930-4354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henrik","family":"Zetterberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry Institute of Neuroscience &amp; Physiology the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg M\u00f6lndal Sweden"},{"name":"Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory Sahlgrenska University Hospital M\u00f6lndal Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Neurodegenerative Disease UCL Institute of Neurology London UK"},{"name":"UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2357-1020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magnus","family":"Gissl\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases Institute of Biomedicine Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases Region V\u00e4stra G\u00f6taland Sahlgrenska University Hospital Gothenburg Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19883-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000893"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-01737-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000002484"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-09975-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-019-0545-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.12927"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","first-page":"ofaa521","article-title":"Neopterin predicts disease severity in hospitalized patients with COVID\u201019. Open Forum","volume":"8","author":"Bellmann\u2010Weiler R.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_1","unstructured":"Bellon M. Schweblin C. Lambeng N. Cherpillod P. Vazquez J. Lalive P. H. Schibler M. &Deffert C.(2020).Cerebrospinal fluid features in SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 RT\u2010PCR positive patients.Clinical infectious diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/13550289809113482"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2020-323586"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2010.4"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000821"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-7-34"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abc5801"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-005-0817-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2019.1534"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/591467"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa337"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.12603"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CCE.0000000000000238"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-019-00721-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab215"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-05022-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-09996-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e294","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000010977","article-title":"CSF biomarkers in patients with COVID\u201019 and neurological symptoms: A case series","volume":"96","author":"Ed\u00e9n A.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30221-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.10.044"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-020-01812-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2020.101839"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.12.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinpr.2020.100053"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000010979"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01644476"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aay1913"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjaa081"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa330"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-006-9035-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2015.11.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000024708"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_42_1","article-title":"Clinical and epidemiologic profile of the initial COVID\u201019 patients at a tertiary care centre in India","volume":"90","author":"Gupta N.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25502"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-6405-7-15"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26368"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(20)30115-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_47_1","article-title":"Pericyte\u2010specific vascular expression of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 receptor ACE2 \u2013 implications for microvascular inflammation and hypercoagulopathy in COVID\u201019","author":"He L.","year":"2020","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2008597"},{"issue":"164","key":"e_1_2_14_49_1","first-page":"e166","article-title":"Neurological manifestations of COVID\u201019 feature T cell exhaustion and dedifferentiated monocytes in cerebrospinal fluid","volume":"54","author":"Heming M.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.160.1.310"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100899"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nan.12662"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0088591"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/38.7.618"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000010111"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2020201697"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.117.018409"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.120.031224"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-52910-7.00036-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2015.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-002-0446-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000010112"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2015-1195"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000007032"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/171.4.857"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2021.03.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaa137"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-020-05965-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2018.12.758"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2033369"},{"issue":"1070","key":"e_1_2_14_71_1","first-page":"e1012","article-title":"A mouse\u2010adapted SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 induces acute lung injury and mortality in standard laboratory mice","volume":"183","author":"Leist S. R.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa745"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.277.5323.242"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51210"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100484"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2014.02.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.1127"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_78_1","article-title":"Serum neurofilament light chain predicts long\u2010term prognosis in Guillain\u2010Barre syndrome patients","author":"Martin\u2010Aguilar L.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30308-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.02.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.052824"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2014.3635"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-020-00758-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa501"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-019-0534-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-75500-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.03.062"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1389200024605082"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0297-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0033606"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2020.117090"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458515624558"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-019-09389-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2011.04.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2009787"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26472"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25915"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa240"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14491"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_101_1","article-title":"COVID\u201019 impact on consecutive neurological patients admitted to the emergency department","author":"Pilotto A.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa609"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1933"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25783"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002825"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurad.2020.05.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2020201187"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-008-0954-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-013-9491-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M306792200"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(00)00501-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-03218-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_113_1","article-title":"Inflammatory leptomeningeal cytokines mediate delayed COVID\u201019 encephalopathy","author":"Remsik J.","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-05671-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000009937"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2015.09.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-020-04795-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-17-1319"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(20)30144-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3257"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_121_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep36791"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_122_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102420965963"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_123_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-020-02903-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_124_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2019373"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_125_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386-6532(03)00119-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_126_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2020.04.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_127_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26004"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_128_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.14768"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_129_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12245-020-00327-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_130_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa619"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_131_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2009191"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_132_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.45.9.1663"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_133_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-018-0072-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_134_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_135_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30287-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_136_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30937-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_137_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-017-3139-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_138_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000010250"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_139_1","article-title":"Biomarkers for CNS injury in CSF are elevated in COVID\u201019 and associated with neurological symptoms and disease severity","author":"Virhammar J.","year":"2020","journal-title":"European Journal of Neurology"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_140_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/1744666X.2013.811119"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_141_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000021428"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_142_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2016.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_143_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0570-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_144_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00339-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_145_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2008-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_146_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.120.030335"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_147_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14737159.2017.1341313"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_148_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23744235.2019.1670352"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_149_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2016.127"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_150_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.63.9.1277"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_151_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.2065"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurochemistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jnc.15459","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/jnc.15459","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jnc.15459","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,2]],"date-time":"2024-09-02T17:41:13Z","timestamp":1725298873000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jnc.15459"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,20]]},"references-count":150,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jnc.15459"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jnc.15459","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3042","1471-4159"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3042","type":"print"},{"value":"1471-4159","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-03-29","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-06-20","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-08-20","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}