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HFD rats presented elevated levels of N\u2010acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG) (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0365 vs. standard diet, SD) and glutathione (GSH) (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0494 vs. SD) in the hippocampus. NAAG and GSH levels in this structure proved to be correlated (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.4652, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0336). This mechanism was not observed in diabetic rats. Combining MRS and fMRI\u2010evaluated blood\u2010oxygen\u2010level\u2010dependent (BOLD) response, elevated taurine (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0326 vs. HFD) and GABA type A receptor (GABA<jats:sub>A<\/jats:sub>R) (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0211 vs. SD and <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0153 vs. HFD) were observed in the visual cortex of only diabetic rats, counteracting the elevated BOLD response\u00a0and suggesting an adaptative mechanism against hyperexcitability observed in the primary visual cortex (V1) (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0226 vs. SD). BOLD amplitude was correlated with the glutamate levels (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.4491; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0316). Therefore, here we found evidence for several biological dichotomies regarding excitotoxicity and neuroprotection in different brain regions, identifying putative markers of their different susceptibility and response to the metabolic and vascular insults of obesity and diabetes.<jats:boxed-text content-type=\"graphic\" position=\"anchor\"><jats:graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" mimetype=\"image\/png\" position=\"anchor\" specific-use=\"enlarged-web-image\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/jnc15825-fig-0007-m.png\"><jats:alt-text>image<\/jats:alt-text><\/jats:graphic><\/jats:boxed-text><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.15825","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,7]],"date-time":"2023-04-07T09:54:45Z","timestamp":1680861285000},"page":"892-906","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Functional imaging and neurochemistry identify in vivo neuroprotection mechanisms counteracting excitotoxicity and neurovascular changes in the hippocampus and visual cortex of obese and type 2 diabetic animal models"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"165","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2541-3472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatriz","family":"Caramelo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) and Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine University of Coimbra  Coimbra Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB) University of Coimbra  Coimbra Portugal"},{"name":"Clinical Academic Center  Coimbra Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5514-0797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tamaeh","family":"Monteiro\u2010Alfredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) and Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine University of Coimbra  Coimbra 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