{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T11:19:23Z","timestamp":1788347963712,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,17]],"date-time":"2023-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684281600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001543","name":"Neurological Foundation of New Zealand","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025\u2010PRG"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025\u2010PRG"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neurochemistry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Epilepsy, a clinical diagnosis characterised by paroxysmal episodes known as seizures, affects 1% of people worldwide. Safe and patient\u2010specific treatment is vital and can be achieved by the development of rapid pre\u2010clinical models of for identified epilepsy genes. Epilepsy can result from either brain injury or gene mutations, and can also be induced chemically. <jats:italic>Xenopus laevis<\/jats:italic> tadpoles could be a useful model for confirmation of variants of unknown significance found in epilepsy patients, and for drug re\u2010purposing screens that could eventually lead to benefits for patients. Here, we characterise and quantify seizure\u2010related behaviours in <jats:italic>X. laevis<\/jats:italic> tadpoles arrayed in 24\u2010well plates. To provoke acute seizure behaviours, tadpoles were chemically induced with either pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) or 4\u2010aminopyridine (4\u2010AP). To test the capacity to adapt this method for drug testing, we also exposed induced tadpoles to the anti\u2010seizure drug valproate (VPA). Four induced seizure\u2010like behaviours were described and manually quantified, and two of these (darting, circling) could be accurately detected automatically, using the video analysis software TopScan. Additionally, we recorded swimming trajectories and mean swimming velocity. Automatic detection showed that either PTZ or 4\u2010AP induced darting behaviour and increased mean swimming velocity compared to untreated controls. Both parameters were significantly reduced in the presence of VPA. In particular, darting behaviour was a shown to be a sensitive measure of epileptic seizure activity. While we could not automatically detect the full range of seizure behaviours, this method shows promise for future studies since <jats:italic>X. laevis<\/jats:italic> is a well\u2010characterised and genetically tractable model organism.<jats:boxed-text content-type=\"graphic\" position=\"anchor\"><jats:graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" mimetype=\"image\/png\" position=\"anchor\" specific-use=\"enlarged-web-image\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/jnc15836-fig-0006-m.png\"><jats:alt-text>image<\/jats:alt-text><\/jats:graphic><\/jats:boxed-text><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.15836","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,2]],"date-time":"2023-05-02T11:13:57Z","timestamp":1683026037000},"page":"4014-4024","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Characterisation and automated quantification of induced seizure\u2010related behaviours in <i>Xenopus laevis<\/i> 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