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Combined exposure to alcohol and nicotine leads to plastic adaptation of crucial circuits in the brain, which can contribute to the development of addiction. It is well established that nicotine exposure can facilitate alcohol binge drinking, and vice\u2010versa, in a sex\u2010, age\u2010 and exposure\u2010dependent manner. Nonetheless, the central mechanisms underlying the synergistic relationship between these two substances and the emergence of differential behavioural traits dependent on these factors remain underexplored. Preclinical studies continue to provide valuable insights into such mechanisms. Here, we discuss recent preclinical findings that report behavioural changes characteristic of addiction following nicotine consumption, primarily in models of vaping and alcohol use; and insights into the neural mechanisms impacted by intake of these two substances, with a focus on the adolescent brain.\n                    <jats:boxed-text content-type=\"graphic\" position=\"anchor\">\n                      <jats:graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" mimetype=\"image\/png\" position=\"anchor\" specific-use=\"enlarged-web-image\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/jnc16249-fig-0002-m.png\">\n                        <jats:alt-text>image<\/jats:alt-text>\n                      <\/jats:graphic>\n                    <\/jats:boxed-text>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.16249","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]],"date-time":"2024-10-25T01:25:02Z","timestamp":1729819502000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Sex\u2010 and age\u2010dependent impacts of nicotine and ethanol binge drinking on the brain: Insights from preclinical research"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"169","author":[{"given":"Stella J.","family":"Farias Cardozo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Technology Development (CDTec) Federal University of Pelotas  Pelotas Rio Grande do Sul Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6836-727X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Lawrence","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health  Parkville Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health University of Melbourne  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1510-880X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberta Goncalves","family":"Anversa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health  Parkville Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health University of Melbourne  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2017.06.113"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","volume-title":"National Health Survey","author":"ABS: Australian Bureau of Statistics","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(02)00295-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-61932-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","unstructured":"AIHW Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. 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