{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T13:51:19Z","timestamp":1793109079298,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":236,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]],"date-time":"2025-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749168000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DP1 AG093028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP1 AG093028"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P41 EB027061"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P41 EB027061"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 AG087526"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AG087526"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 MH109159"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 MH109159"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 NS087568"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 NS087568"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 NS100106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 NS100106"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R56 AG079086"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R56 AG079086"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neurochemistry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Glucose is the major, obligatory fuel for the brain, and nearly all glucose is oxidized in the awake, resting state. However, during activation, much of the glucose is not oxidized even though adequate oxygen is available, ATP demand is increased, and glycolysis generates less ATP than oxidation. The fate of the lactate produced by glycolysis is a highly debated topic, in part because its origin and fate in the living brain are difficult to measure. One idea has been that astrocytes generate lactate and shuttle it to neurons as a major fuel, but critical elements of the shuttle model are not validated, and there is no compelling evidence to support shuttling coupled with oxidation in\u00a0vivo. Metabolic brain imaging reveals rapid loss of labeled metabolites of glucose from activated tissue that is mediated by lactate transporters and gap junctional trafficking among astrocytes. Lactate is highly labeled by [<jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C\u2010 and <jats:sup>14<\/jats:sup>C]glucose, it is diffusible, and it is quickly released to blood and the perivascular\u2010lymphatic drainage system. During intense sensory stimulation, astrocytic glycogen is consumed at half the rate of glucose by all brain cells; it is a major fuel. The oxygen\u2010carbohydrate metabolic mismatch increases when glycogen is included in the calculation, revealing that glycogen is not oxidized. Although the energetics of brain activation is complex, metabolic modeling with comparison to a wide range of experimental data relating metabolism to neurotransmission strongly supports two concepts: (i) glycogenolysis in astrocytes spares blood\u2010borne glucose for activated neurons, and (ii) the increase in cerebral blood flow in excess of oxygen consumption removes protons produced by glycolytic metabolism to maintain tissue pH, pO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, and pCO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> homeostasis. Several studies have identified processes and situations that involve neuronal aerobic glycolysis, and a better understanding of the roles of glycolysis in neuron\u2010astrocyte interactions and functional metabolism in the normal and diseased brain is required.<jats:boxed-text content-type=\"graphic\" position=\"anchor\"><jats:graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" mimetype=\"image\/png\" position=\"anchor\" specific-use=\"enlarged-web-image\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/jnc70111-fig-0005-m.png\"><jats:alt-text>image<\/jats:alt-text><\/jats:graphic><\/jats:boxed-text><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.70111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]],"date-time":"2025-06-06T05:47:57Z","timestamp":1749188877000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["A Bird's\u2010Eye View of Glycolytic Upregulation in Activated Brain: The Major Fate of Lactate Is Release From Activated Tissue, Not Shuttling to Nearby Neurons"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"169","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8887-3057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerald A.","family":"Dienel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences  Little Rock Arkansas USA"},{"name":"Department of Cell Biology and Physiology University of New Mexico School of Medicine  Albuquerque New Mexico USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9321-4195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Douglas L.","family":"Rothman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Yale University  New Haven Connecticut USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiology Magnetic Resonance Research Center (MRRC), Yale University  New Haven Connecticut USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6341-4516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Mangia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Center for Magnetic Resonance Research (CMRR), University of Minnesota  Minneapolis Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_16_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.1989.111"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.1995.11"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23250"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb1080"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-1136(200010)32:1<1::AID-GLIA10>3.0.CO;2-W"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adp1115"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2017.03.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2016.12.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.01042\/AN20120004"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jcbfm.9600281"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2009.05943.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2009.206"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.21376"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-152829-4.50008-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2012.01.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000112127"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1996.66062329.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5311-10.2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/iub.280"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2009.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1995.64051965.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.12.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2040-10.2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1983.sp014731"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_27_1","first-page":"355","volume-title":"Experimental Biology of the Lymphatic Circulation","author":"Bradbury M. W. B.","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0305-0491(98)00025-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_29_1","first-page":"8","article-title":"Interpreting Oxygenation\u2010Based Neuroimaging Signals: The Importance and the Challenge of Understanding Brain Oxygen Metabolism","volume":"2","author":"Buxton R. B.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neuroenergetics"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2132096100"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(00)76822-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(00)01920-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.WCB.0000081369.51727.6F"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-0186(03)00018-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1987.tb01028.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-199904000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.21193"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.WCB.0000034362.37277.C0"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jcbfm.9600256"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(99)02022-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2000.0751618.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-019-0495-2"},{"issue":"361","key":"e_1_2_16_43_1","article-title":"Neuronal Stimulation Triggers Neuronal Glycolysis and Not Lactate Uptake","volume":"26","author":"Diaz\u2010Garcia C. M.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Metabolism"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.24374"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2011.175"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/AN20120021"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.24015"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00062.2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.24387"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.15293"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2007.04595.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858417749375"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2003.10.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2009.05859.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.13630"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-015-1650-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.10079"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12987\u2010025\u201000647\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X251314331"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-020-03125-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.15775"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.WCB.0000034363.37277.89"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.15839"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.12164"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-016-2048-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2009.232"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2010.151"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-012-0802-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-014-1481-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(93)91429-V"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-30411-3_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-020-02055-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddu024"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-27480-1_10"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2019.00374"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awab110"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2012.200"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1995.65062765.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-0082(90)90013-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.440150207"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5430-07.2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1992.tb10068.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20140003"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-51008-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1850-09.2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.07.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.83.4.1140"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3260686"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/AN20090048"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2009.06333.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2009.06173.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2015.12.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2003.01673.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj1480085"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj1480097"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)94442-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-020-0251-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1993.tb03219.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnint.2022.818685"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb1881"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-200411000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnint.2017.00018"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.20294"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2014.00261"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-0186(03)00022-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jcbfm.9600343"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biology6010017"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000017329"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.08-06-01922.1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2020.101316"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2010.09.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(79)90522-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2003.11.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1997.68041745.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1997.69041484.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature24057"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M211617200"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)30596-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.WCB.0000127661.07591.DE"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2013.222"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_121_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2017.03.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_122_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-024-01049-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_123_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2010.132"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_124_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000112295"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_125_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.15867"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_126_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2016.00047"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_127_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/NRR.NRR-D-24-00262"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_128_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000111434"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_129_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2008.09.050"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_130_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.1988.142"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_131_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/19336950.2014.970448"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_132_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(03)00721-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_133_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)51741-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_134_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.3c01875"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_135_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2017.7014"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_136_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7807"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_137_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X16661202"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_138_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.1987.253.2.C269"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_139_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.1987.252.2.C225"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_140_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2015.10.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_141_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.1987.17"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_142_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-199904000-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_143_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.1995.60"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_144_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-199807000-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_145_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1992.73.2.420"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_146_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2018.19"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_147_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1996.tb34449.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_148_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1999.0471"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_149_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.03.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_150_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1975.sp011040"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_151_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2011.29"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_152_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-012-0962-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_153_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2009.06003.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_154_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1996.66010386.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_155_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.81645"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_156_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-023-00890-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_157_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abm6131"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_158_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22623"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_159_1","first-page":"R282","article-title":"Carrier\u2010Mediated Transport of Lactic Acid in Cultured Neurons and Astrocytes","volume":"265","author":"Nedergaard M.","year":"1993","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_160_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.WCB.0000128533.84196.D8"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_161_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23020"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_162_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)38539-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_163_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-015-1664-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_164_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00424.2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_165_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1988.tb04872.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_166_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01000039"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_167_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2571(64)80018-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_168_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1403576111"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_169_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.10602"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_170_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2017.09.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_171_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1700-16.2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_172_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2018.09.042"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_173_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.22.10625"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_174_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858403260159"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_175_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2011.149"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_176_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-0186(00)00104-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_177_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410060502"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_178_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.1993.264.4.C761"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_179_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000112686"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_180_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.21161"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_181_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.08-106104"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_182_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.16032"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_183_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(00)01369-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_184_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.12.042"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_185_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.44.1.127"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_186_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-020-02974-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_187_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.15619"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_188_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X211064399"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_189_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/EBC20220080"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_190_1","first-page":"447","article-title":"How to Close a Gap Junction Channel. Efficacies and Potencies of Uncoupling Agents","volume":"154","author":"Rozental R.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Methods in Molecular Biology"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_191_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2014.33"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_192_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000111356"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_193_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25031433"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_194_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(96)01106-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_195_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3375817"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_196_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-024-03763-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_197_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.101129298"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_198_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.1.316"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_199_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-1136(199709)21:1<35::AID-GLIA4>3.0.CO;2-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_200_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jcbfm.9600521"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_201_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.12254"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_202_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.WCB.0000063991.19746.11"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_203_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1977.tb10649.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_204_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1993.tb03641.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_205_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02532408"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_206_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5036-14.2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_207_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(95)11834-J"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_208_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.02.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_209_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/y92-255"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_210_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2020.101787"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_211_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1990.tb01898.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_212_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.10.4616"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_213_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-016-2037-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_214_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2023.105373"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_215_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)99819-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_216_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-45096-4_7"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_217_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2003.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_218_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2012.89"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_219_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2009.35"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_220_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.23192"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_221_1","first-page":"39","article-title":"D\u2010Serine as a Gliotransmitter and Its Roles in Brain Development and Disease","volume":"7","author":"Van Horn M. R.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_222_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2000.0750471.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_223_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.440010603"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_224_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.440030611"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_225_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-021-01378-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_226_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1986.tb02863.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_227_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1973.tb00272.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_228_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0354-09.2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_229_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2013.00123"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_230_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-014-1244-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_231_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-012-0938-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_232_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201803152"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_233_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.16004"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_234_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1982.tb11482.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_235_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X17708691"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_236_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2340185"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_237_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01101713"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurochemistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jnc.70111","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,19]],"date-time":"2025-07-19T15:22:24Z","timestamp":1752938544000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jnc.70111"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"references-count":236,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jnc.70111"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jnc.70111","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3042","1471-4159"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3042","type":"print"},{"value":"1471-4159","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-03-03","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-05-13","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-06-06","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70111"}}