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However, more evidence is required to advance in this field of research. In previous research we showed that exposure to volatilized cocaine altered GM composition in rats, suggesting that its modulation could attenuate cocaine effects. In this study, we investigated whether GM modulation through a lactobacilli\u2010based multi\u2010strain formulation influenced behavioral and microbiological outcomes in rats repeatedly exposed to volatilized cocaine. Adult male Wistar rats were given the bacterial formulation or vehicle (milk) orally for 28\u2009days. During the last 7\u2009days, animals were exposed to volatilized cocaine, and locomotor sensitization and anxiety\u2010related behaviors were assessed. Fecal microbiota composition, short\u2010chain fatty acids, and plasma cytokine levels were also evaluated. Results showed that cocaine induced locomotor sensitization, which was not significantly attenuated by the bacterial treatment. Interestingly, cocaine\u2010sensitized animals showed a decrease in locomotor activity on days 6 and 7, suggesting a tolerance\u2010like effect, while bacterial treatment tended to prevent it, maintaining an elevated activity. No significant differences were observed in anxiety\u2010related behaviors. Marked GM structural changes, particularly in \u03b2\u2010diversity, were detected in animals receiving bacteria and cocaine treatments. Amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) belonging to the genera\n                    <jats:italic>Limosilactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Negativibacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                    were reduced, whereas ASVs related to the genus\n                    <jats:italic>Helicobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Parasutterella excrementihominis<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    increased in the bacteria\/cocaine group compared to control and the other treated groups. Propionic acid levels were reduced only in cocaine\u2010treated rats, while interleukin (IL)\u20106 and IL\u201010 plasma concentrations remained unchanged. Although the multi\u2010strain formulation induced behavioral changes alongside modifications in GM structure, accurate strain selection is required to mitigate cocaine\u2010related effects. Furthermore, new studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying GM\u2010brain interactions in SUD.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:boxed-text content-type=\"graphic\" position=\"anchor\">\n                      <jats:graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" mimetype=\"image\/png\" position=\"anchor\" specific-use=\"enlarged-web-image\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/jnc70476-gra-0001-m.png\">\n                        <jats:alt-text>image<\/jats:alt-text>\n                      <\/jats:graphic>\n                    <\/jats:boxed-text>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.70476","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T06:31:27Z","timestamp":1779345087000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effects of a Bacterial Multi\u2010Strain Formulation on Locomotor Sensitization and 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