{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T07:59:54Z","timestamp":1790323194229,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779926400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779926400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004073","name":"Killam Trusts","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004073","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001563","name":"Otago Medical Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001563","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neurochemistry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Exercise provides a therapeutic pathways to mitigate cognitive decrements through benefits to cerebrovascular and neurological function. Intranasal delivery of insulin also offers a therapeutic pathway, possibly via enhancing cerebral metabolism. We assessed cerebral oxygen and glucose metabolism (CMRO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    and CMRglc, respectively) via cross\u2010brain blood sampling and ultrasound measurement of cerebral blood flow (CBF), following two successive intranasal insulin (INI) administrations (52\u2009IU); once at rest, and again at rest but following 1\u2009h of prolonged cycling exercise. Measurement timepoints following both INI administration were 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, and 60\u2009min post. Eleven healthy young adults (5 female, 22.4\u2009\u00b1\u20091.7\u2009kg\/m\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) completed this protocol, and, between INI bouts, completed cycling exercise, consisting of 2\u20133 one\u2010minute bouts at 80%\u2013100% of work rate max followed by 90\u2009min at 90% of lactate threshold (~2\u2009h total). At rest, INI had no effect on CMRO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.141) while CMRglc may have been elevated (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.086). Comparing the effects of INI pre\u2010 and post\u2010exercise, CMRO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    was not different (\n                    <jats:italic>condition<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.333). Collapsing both conditions (pre\u2010 and post\u2010exercise) CMRO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    was increased from baseline at 30\u2009min (\n                    <jats:italic>time<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.007). CMRglc was also not different between conditions (\n                    <jats:italic>condition<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.498), but was increased (\n                    <jats:italic>time<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) from baseline (0.34\u2009\u00b1\u20090.02\u2009mmol\/min) to 45\u2009min (0.40\u2009\u00b1\u20090.02\u2009mmol\/min) by 20%\u2009\u00b1\u200928% (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.017) across both conditions. Whole brain cerebral metabolism sensitivity to intranasal insulin is minimal at rest, but seems to be increased following exercise, likely due to exercise induced hypoglycaemia driving a supercompensatory response. These findings provide mechanistic support for the cognitive benefits of exercise, and potentially intranasal insulin, through enhanced cerebral metabolism.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:boxed-text content-type=\"graphic\" position=\"anchor\">\n                      <jats:graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" mimetype=\"image\/png\" position=\"anchor\" specific-use=\"enlarged-web-image\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/jnc70488-gra-0001-m.png\">\n                        <jats:alt-text>image<\/jats:alt-text>\n                      <\/jats:graphic>\n                    <\/jats:boxed-text>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.70488","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T07:26:14Z","timestamp":1779953174000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exercise Increases the Sensitivity of Cerebral Glucose Metabolism to Intranasal Insulin in Young, Healthy Adults"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"170","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7236-1348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jay M. J. R.","family":"Carr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Mountain Emergency Medicine Eurac Research  Bolzano Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4137-6840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jodie L.","family":"Koep","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health University of British Columbia \u2013 Okanagan Campus  Kelowna British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer S.","family":"Duffy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education, Sport &amp; Exercise Sciences University of Otago  Dunedin New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L. Madden","family":"Brewster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health University of British Columbia \u2013 Okanagan Campus  Kelowna British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordan D.","family":"Bird","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia  Vancouver British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin A.","family":"Monteleone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health University of British Columbia \u2013 Okanagan Campus  Kelowna British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tenasia D. 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