{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T08:05:52Z","timestamp":1790150752813,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GAH 67\/10\u20131"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GAH 67\/10\u20131"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neurochemistry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    This study investigated the effect of single G\u03b1\n                    <jats:sub>o1<\/jats:sub>\n                    and G\u03b1\n                    <jats:sub>o2<\/jats:sub>\n                    , as well as double G\u03b1\n                    <jats:sub>o1\/2<\/jats:sub>\n                    knockout on the cerebellar anatomy and synapse formation. The alpha subunit of the G protein Go exists in two splice variants. Knockout of certain G\u03b1o subtypes result in strong\u2014mainly motor\u2014deficits in mice, and mutations in the responsible gene locus in humans can result in severe encephalopathies. We aimed to decipher the hitherto incompletely understood contribution of the individual G\u03b1\n                    <jats:sub>o<\/jats:sub>\n                    subunits to the anatomy and synapse formation of the cerebellum. Knockout of G\u03b1\n                    <jats:sub>o1<\/jats:sub>\n                    reduced the size of the cerebellum by 11%, accompanied by maximal reductions of the molecular layer thickness in the central lobule III (\u221230%) and molecular layer area in the uvula (\u221233%). Knockout of G\u03b1\n                    <jats:sub>o2<\/jats:sub>\n                    increased cerebellar size, molecular layer thickness in central lobule II (+18.6%), and area of the culmen (+37%). Combined deletion of G\u03b1\n                    <jats:sub>o1<\/jats:sub>\n                    and G\u03b1\n                    <jats:sub>o2<\/jats:sub>\n                    reduced cerebellar size by 12%, molecular layer thickness and area of the declive (by \u221227.3% and \u221223.4%, respectively). Moreover, VGLUT2\u2010positive climbing fiber contacts to Purkinje cells were reduced in G\u03b1\n                    <jats:sub>o1<\/jats:sub>\n                    knockout mice (on average by 40%). Similarly, VGLUT1 expression was reduced (on average by 17.3%). The knockout of G\u03b1\n                    <jats:sub>o2<\/jats:sub>\n                    promoted climbing fiber contacts (+14.3% on average, at a maximum of +52.6% in the central lobule II), VGLUT1 was less affected. Double knockout mice exhibited negative effects on VGLUT2 (\u221235% overall number) and VGLUT1 (\u221223% on average in expression levels). VGAT\u2010positive synaptic contacts were also diminished for G\u03b1\n                    <jats:sub>o1<\/jats:sub>\n                    and double knockout (\u221225% and \u221231% overall number, respectively) and increased for G\u03b1\n                    <jats:sub>o2<\/jats:sub>\n                    knockout (+13% on average). In line with this, negative effects on the dendritic outgrowth of Purkinje cells were observed in both G\u03b1\n                    <jats:sub>o1<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    and G\u03b1\n                    <jats:sub>o<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    mice, while knockout of G\u03b1\n                    <jats:sub>o2<\/jats:sub>\n                    promoted dendrite outgrowth. Taken together, the two G\u03b1o splice variants contrarily contribute to the development of the cerebellum, with G\u03b1\n                    <jats:sub>o1<\/jats:sub>\n                    representing the dominant subunit.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:boxed-text content-type=\"graphic\" position=\"anchor\">\n                      <jats:graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" mimetype=\"image\/png\" position=\"anchor\" specific-use=\"enlarged-web-image\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/jnc70512-gra-0001-m.png\">\n                        <jats:alt-text>image<\/jats:alt-text>\n                      <\/jats:graphic>\n                    <\/jats:boxed-text>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.70512","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T07:02:27Z","timestamp":1782975747000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Splice Type\u2010Specific Effects of G\u03b1o Subunits on Cerebellar Anatomy and Synapse Formation"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"170","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3193-4140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markus","family":"H\u00f6ltje","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Integrative Neuroanatomie, Charit\u00e9\u2010Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt\u2010Universit\u00e4t Zu Berlin  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anton","family":"Wolkowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Integrative Neuroanatomie, Charit\u00e9\u2010Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt\u2010Universit\u00e4t Zu Berlin  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gudrun","family":"Ahnert\u2010Hilger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neurobiology, Max\u2010Planck\u2010Institute for Biophysical Chemistry and University of G\u00f6ttingen  G\u00f6ttingen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2023.11.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.14460"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.12123"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2741\/3022"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.08\u2010111245"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adi1024"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13041\u2010019\u20100477\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2023.10.187"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22\u201012\u201004878.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2019.04.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00720.2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/msb.2009.27"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262110378"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.16248"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)38579-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcn.2008.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.6.3269"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593\u2010019\u20100436\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415\u2010024\u201012418\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.16.10685"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902740203"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm908"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.10460"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2021.686279"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004180100303"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2015.22"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.cellbio.23.090506.123237"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.22067"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079\u20106123(04)48001\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014\u20105793(92)80770\u2010h"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)89817-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00003.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0549\u201005.2005"}],"container-title":["Journal 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