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Consequently, they represent a pragmatic animal model in which to examine the mechanisms by which these steroidal changes contribute to perturbed sleep\u2013wake cycles and cognitive decline in the elderly. Using remote serial blood sampling, we have found the circulating levels of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DHEA<\/jats:styled-content> sulphate, as well as oestradiol and testosterone, decline markedly in old monkeys. Furthermore, using the real\u2010time <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">polymerase chain reaction<\/jats:styled-content>, we have shown that the genes for the enzymes associated with the conversion of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DHEA<\/jats:styled-content> to oestradiol and testosterone (3\u03b2\u2010hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 17\u03b2\u2010hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, and aromatase) are highly expressed in brain areas associated with cognition and behaviour, including the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex and amygdala. Taken together, these findings suggest that the administration of supplementary <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DHEA<\/jats:styled-content> in the elderly may have therapeutic potential for cognitive and behavioural disorders, although with fewer negative side effects outside of the central nervous system. To test this, we have developed a novel steroid supplementation paradigm for use in old animals; this involves the oral administration of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DHEA<\/jats:styled-content> and testosterone at physiologically relevant times of the day to mimic the circadian hormone patterns observed in young adults. We are currently evaluating the efficacy of this steroid supplementation paradigm with respect to reversing age\u2010associated disorders, including perturbed sleep\u2013wake cycles and cognitive decline, as well as an impaired immune response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.12064","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,25]],"date-time":"2013-06-25T07:52:42Z","timestamp":1372146762000},"page":"1062-1069","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Causes and Consequences of Age\u2010Related Steroid Hormone Changes: Insights Gained from Nonhuman Primates"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"K. 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