{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T04:45:36Z","timestamp":1791348336023,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,12]],"date-time":"2013-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1378944000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neuroendocrinology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>To investigate brain\u2013pituitary\u2013gonadal inter\u2010relationships, we have compared the effects of mutations that perturb the hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013gonadal axis in male mice. Specifically, serum and pituitary gonadotrophin concentrations, gonadotrophin gene expression, and gonadotroph structure and number were measured. Follicle\u2010stimulating hormone (FSH)\u03b2 knockout (FSH\u03b2KO), FSH receptor knockout (FSHRKO), luteinising hormone (LH) receptor knockout (LuRKO), hypogonadal (<jats:italic>hpg<\/jats:italic>), testicular feminised (<jats:italic>tfm<\/jats:italic>) and gonadectomised mice were compared with control wild\u2010type mice or heterozygotes. Serum levels of LH were similar in FSH\u03b2KO, FSHRKO and heterozygote males despite decreased androgen production in KO males. As expected, there was no detectable FSH in the serum or pituitary and an absence of expression of the FSH\u03b2 subunit gene in FSH\u03b2KO mice. However, there was a significant increase in expression of the common \u03b1 and LH\u03b2 subunit genes in FSHRKO males. The morphology of FSH\u03b2KO and FSHRKO gonadotrophs was not significantly different from controls, except that the subpopulation of granules consisting of an electron\u2010dense core and electron\u2010lucent \u2018halo\u2019 was not observed in FSH\u03b2KO gonadotrophs and the granules were smaller in diameter. In the gonadotrophin\u2010releasing hormone deficient <jats:italic>hpg<\/jats:italic> mouse, gonadotrophin <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">mRNA<\/jats:styled-content> and hormone levels were significantly lower compared to control mice and gonadotrophs were correspondingly smaller, with less abundant endoplasmic reticulum and reduced secretory granules. In LuRKO, <jats:italic>tfm<\/jats:italic> and gonadectomised mice, hyperstimulation of LH\u03b2 and FSH\u03b2 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">mRNA<\/jats:styled-content> and serum protein concentrations was reflected by subcellular changes in gonadotroph morphology, including more dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum and more secretory granules distributed adjacent to the plasma membrane. In summary, major differences in pituitary content and serum concentrations of the gonadotrophins LH and FSH have been found between normal and mutant male mice. These changes are associated with changes in transcriptional activity of the gonadotrophin subunit genes and are reflected by changes in the cellular structure and secretory granule architecture within the gonadotroph cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.12081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,29]],"date-time":"2013-07-29T17:35:28Z","timestamp":1375119328000},"page":"863-875","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["An Investigation into Pituitary Gonadotrophic Hormone Synthesis, Secretion, Subunit Gene Expression and Cell Structure in Normal and Mutant Male Mice"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"M. H.","family":"Abel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics University of Oxford Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H. 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