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However, less is known of the impact of synthetic hormones on hippocampal structure and function. There is some evidence that the administration of the synthetic progestin, medroxyprogesterone acetate (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MPA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ) is not as beneficial as natural progesterone and can attenuate oestrogen\u2010induced neuroprotection. Although the effects of oestradiol have been well studied, little is known about the effects of natural and synthetic progestins alone and in combination with oestradiol on adult neurogenesis in females. In the present study, we investigated the effects of chronic oestradiol, progesterone,\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MPA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    and the co\u2010administration of each progestin with oestradiol on neurogenesis within the dentate gyrus of adult ovariectomised female rats. Twenty\u2010four hours after a bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU; 200\u00a0mg\/kg) injection, female rats were repeatedly administered either progesterone (1 or 4\u00a0mg),\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MPA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    (1 or 4\u00a0mg), oestradiol benzoate (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EB<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ), progesterone or\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MPA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    in combination with\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EB<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    (10\u00a0\u03bcg), or vehicle for 21\u00a0days. Rats were perfused on day 22 and brain tissue was analysed for the number of BrdU\u2010labelled and Ki67 (an endogenous marker of cell proliferation)\u2010expressing cells.\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EB<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    alone and\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MPA\u00a0<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    +\u00a0\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EB<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    significantly decreased neurogenesis and the number of surviving BrdU\u2010labelled cells in the dorsal region of the dentate gyrus, independent of any effects on cell proliferation. Furthermore,\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MPA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    (1 and 4\u00a0mg) and\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MPA\u00a0<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    +\u00a0\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EB<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    treated animals had significantly lower adrenal\/body mass ratios and reduced serum corticosterone (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CORT<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ) levels. By contrast, progesterone\u00a0+\u00a0\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EB<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    treated animals had significantly higher adrenal\/body mass ratios and 1\u00a0mg of progesterone, progesterone\u00a0+\u00a0\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EB<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EB<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    significantly increased\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CORT<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    levels. The results of the present study demonstrate that different progestins alone and in combination with oestradiol can differentially affect neurogenesis (via cell survival) and regulation of the\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">hypothalamic\u2010pituitary\u2010adrenal<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    axis. These findings have implications for women using hormone replacement therapies with\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MPA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    for both neuroprotection and stress\u2010related disorders.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.12159","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,19]],"date-time":"2014-04-19T04:42:11Z","timestamp":1397882531000},"page":"386-399","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Effects of Chronic Oestradiol, Progesterone and Medroxyprogesterone Acetate on Hippocampal Neurogenesis and Adrenal Mass in Adult Female Rats"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"Chan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Graduate Program in Neuroscience Brain Research Centre University of British Columbia Vancouver Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Chow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Graduate Program in Neuroscience Brain Research Centre University of British Columbia Vancouver Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. 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