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In other pathologies, such as myocardial infarction, increased sympathetic drive is associated with neuroinflammation and microglial activation in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PVN<\/jats:styled-content>), a brain region that regulates sympathetic drive and multiple endocrine responses. In the present study, we used immunohistochemistry to study microglial and neuronal activation in the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PVN<\/jats:styled-content> and related brain regions in streptozotocin (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">STZ<\/jats:styled-content>)\u2010induced diabetic rats. As expected, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">STZ<\/jats:styled-content> treatment was associated with elevated blood glucose within 1\u00a0week. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">STZ<\/jats:styled-content> injections also caused neuronal activation in the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PVN<\/jats:styled-content> and superoptic nucleus (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SON<\/jats:styled-content>) but not in the nucleus tractus solitarius (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NTS<\/jats:styled-content>), which was evident by 6\u00a0weeks. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">STZ<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010treated rats showed increased plasma osmolarity, which would be expected to activate <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PVN<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SON<\/jats:styled-content> neurones. There was no apparent increase in histochemical markers of microglial activation, including phospho\u2010p38, phospho\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">extracellular signal regulated kinase<\/jats:styled-content>, P2X4 receptor or <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">interleukin <\/jats:styled-content>1\u2010\u03b2 even at 10\u00a0weeks after <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">STZ<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010treatment. However, we did see a significant increase in the percentage of microglia with an activated morphology in the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PVN<\/jats:styled-content>,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> SON<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NTS<\/jats:styled-content>, although not in surrounding hypothalamic, brainstem or cortical regions. These morphological changes included a significant reduction in microglial process length and were evident by 8\u00a0weeks but not 6\u00a0weeks. The delayed onset of microglial changes compared to neuronal activation in the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PVN<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SON<\/jats:styled-content> suggests the over\u2010excitation of neurones as a mechanism of microglial activation. This delayed microglial activation may, in turn, contribute to the endocrine dysregulation and the elevated <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">sympathetic nerve activity<\/jats:styled-content> reported in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">STZ<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010treated rats.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.12161","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,25]],"date-time":"2014-04-25T05:08:45Z","timestamp":1398402525000},"page":"413-425","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Microglia are Selectively Activated in Endocrine and Cardiovascular Control Centres in Streptozotocin\u2010Induced Diabetic Rats"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"I.","family":"Rana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical Sciences and Health Innovations Research Institute RMIT University Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Badoer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical Sciences and Health Innovations Research Institute RMIT University Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Alahmadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical Sciences and Health Innovations Research Institute RMIT University Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. 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