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The hypothalamic\u2010pituitary\u2010adrenal (HPA) axis is one of the primary targets of this programming, which is generally associated with a hyperactive HPA axis, indicative of a reduced negative\u2010feedback. This reduced feedback efficiency usually results from a reduced level of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and\/or the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) within the HPA axis. However, a few studies have shown that early\u2010life stress exposure results in an attenuated physiological stress response, suggesting an enhance feedback efficiency. In the present study, we aimed to determine whether early\u2010life stress had long\u2010term consequences on GR and MR levels in quail and whether the effects on the physiological response to acute stress observed in prenatally stressed individuals were underpinned by changes in GR and\/or MR levels in one or more HPA axis components. We determined GR and MR mRNA expression in the hippocampus, hypothalamus and pituitary gland in quail exposed to elevated corticosterone during prenatal development, postnatal development, or both, and in control individuals exposed to none of the stressors. We showed that prenatal stress increased the GR:MR ratio in the hippocampus, GR and MR expression in the hypothalamus and GR expression in the pituitary gland. Postnatal stress resulted in a reduced MR expression in the hippocampus. Both early\u2010life treatments permanently affected the expression of both receptor types in HPA axis regions. The effects of prenatal stress are in accordance with a more efficient negative\u2010feedback within the HPA axis and thus can explain the attenuated stress response observed in these birds. Therefore, these changes in receptor density or number as a consequence of early\u2010life stress exposure might be the mechanism that allows an adaptive response to later\u2010life stressful conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.12228","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,10]],"date-time":"2014-10-10T02:01:58Z","timestamp":1412906518000},"page":"853-860","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":77,"title":["Modifications of Glucocorticoid Receptors mRNA Expression in the Hypothalamic\u2010Pituitary\u2010Adrenal Axis in Response to Early\u2010life Stress in Female Japanese Quail"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"C.","family":"Zimmer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology and Neuroscience University of St Andrews St Andrews UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K. 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