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Testosterone acts through androgen receptors (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AR<\/jats:styled-content>) and\/or after aromatisation to oestradiol and binding to oestrogen receptors. The present study assessed the role of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AR<\/jats:styled-content> activation in male sexual differentiation. We compared rams that were exposed to the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AR<\/jats:styled-content> antagonist flutamide (Flu) throughout the critical period (i.e. days 30\u201390 of gestation) to control rams and ewes that received no prenatal treatments. The external genitalia of all Flu rams were phenotypically female. Testes were positioned s.c. in the inguinal region of the abdomen, exhibited seasonally impaired androgen secretion and were azospermic. Flu rams displayed male\u2010typical precopulatory and mounting behaviours but could not intromit or ejaculate because they lacked a penis. Flu rams exhibited greater mounting behaviour than control rams and, similar to controls, showed sexual partner preferences for oestrous ewes. Neither control, nor Flu rams responded to oestradiol treatments with displays of female\u2010typical receptive behaviour or <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LH<\/jats:styled-content> surge responses, whereas all control ewes responded as expected. The ovine sexually dimorphic nucleus in Flu rams was intermediate in volume between control rams and ewes and significantly different from both. These results indicate that prenatal anti\u2010androgen exposure is not able to block male sexual differentiation in sheep and suggest that compensatory mechanisms intervene to maintain sufficient androgen stimulation during development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.12389","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,23]],"date-time":"2016-03-23T09:18:48Z","timestamp":1458724728000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Effects of Long\u2010Term Flutamide Treatment During Development on Sexual Behaviour and Hormone Responsiveness in Rams"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"C. 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