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The present study investigated whether exposure to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EC<\/jats:styled-content>s only during preconceptional period or only during pregnancy perturbed key regulatory genes within the hypothalamus and pituitary gland and whether these effects were different from chronic (life\u2010long) exposure to biosolid <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EC<\/jats:styled-content>s. The findings demonstrate that the timing and duration of maternal <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EC<\/jats:styled-content> exposure influences the subsequent effects on the foetal neuroendocrine system in a sex\u2010specific manner. Maternal exposure prior to conception, or during pregnancy only, altered the expression of key foetal neuroendocrine regulatory systems such as gonadotrophin\u2010releasing hormone and kisspeptin to a greater extent than when maternal exposure was \u2018life\u2010long\u2019. Furthermore, hypothalamic gene expression was affected to a greater extent in males than in females and, following <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EC<\/jats:styled-content> exposure, male foetuses expressed more \u2018female\u2010like\u2019 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">mRNA<\/jats:styled-content> levels for some key neuroendocrine genes. This is the first study to show that \u2018real\u2010life\u2019 maternal exposure to low levels of a complex cocktail of chemicals prior to conception can subsequently affect the developing foetal neuroendocrine system. These findings demonstrate that the developing neuroendocrine system is sensitive to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EC<\/jats:styled-content> mixtures in a sex\u2010dimorphic manner likely to predispose to reproductive dysfunction in later life.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.12444","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,21]],"date-time":"2016-11-21T13:56:41Z","timestamp":1479736601000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Timing of Maternal Exposure and Foetal Sex Determine the Effects of Low\u2010level Chemical Mixture Exposure on the Foetal Neuroendocrine System in Sheep"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"Bellingham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine University of Glasgow Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. 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