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Hypothalamic neurosecretory neurones project their axons from the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei to the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NH<\/jats:styled-content> to make contact with the vascular surface and release <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OXT<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AVP<\/jats:styled-content>. The neurohypophysial vascular structure is unique because it has a wide perivascular space between the inner and outer basement membranes. However, the significance of this unique vascular structure remains unclear; therefore, we aimed to determine the functional significance of the perivascular space and its activity\u2010dependent changes during salt loading in adult mice. The results obtained revealed that pericytes were the main resident cells and defined the profile of the perivascular space. Moreover, pericytes sometimes extended their cellular processes or \u2018perivascular protrusions\u2019 into neurohypophysial parenchyma between axonal terminals. The vascular permeability of low\u2010molecular\u2010weight (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LMW<\/jats:styled-content>) molecules was higher at perivascular protrusions than at the smooth vascular surface. Axonal terminals containing <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OXT<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AVP<\/jats:styled-content> were more likely to localise at perivascular protrusions than at the smooth vascular surface. Chronic salt loading with 2% NaCl significantly induced prominent changes in the shape of pericytes and also increased the number of perivascular protrusions and the surface area of the perivascular space together with elevations in the vascular permeability of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LMW<\/jats:styled-content> molecules. Collectively, these results indicate that the perivascular space of the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NH<\/jats:styled-content> acts as the main diffusion route for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OXT<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AVP<\/jats:styled-content> and, in addition, changes in the shape of pericytes and perivascular reconstruction occur in response to an increased demand for neuropeptide release.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.12456","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,10]],"date-time":"2017-01-10T14:13:00Z","timestamp":1484057580000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Structural Reconstruction of the Perivascular Space in the Adult Mouse Neurohypophysis During an Osmotic Stimulation"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"K.","family":"Nishikawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Biology Kyoto Institute of Technology Kyoto 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