{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T07:31:14Z","timestamp":1787988674355,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,23]],"date-time":"2017-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1490227200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":22,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008231","name":"Arkansas Biosciences Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008231","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008510","name":"University of Maryland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008510","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neuroendocrinology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]},"abstract":"Folate receptor \u03b1 (FR<\/jats:styled-content>\u03b1) autoantibodies (FRAA<\/jats:styled-content>s) are prevalent in autism spectrum disorder (ASD<\/jats:styled-content>). FRAA<\/jats:styled-content>s disrupt folate transport across the blood\u2010brain barrier by binding to the FR<\/jats:styled-content>\u03b1. Thyroid dysfunction is frequently found in children with ASD<\/jats:styled-content>. We measured blocking and binding FRAA<\/jats:styled-content>s and thyroid\u2010stimulating hormone (TSH<\/jats:styled-content>), free thyroxine (T4) (FT<\/jats:styled-content>4), total triiodothyronine (T3) (TT<\/jats:styled-content>3), reverse T3 (rT<\/jats:styled-content>3), thyroid\u2010releasing hormone (TRH<\/jats:styled-content>) and other metabolites in 87 children with ASD<\/jats:styled-content>, 84 of whom also underwent behaviour and cognition testing and in 42 of whom FRAA<\/jats:styled-content>s, TSH<\/jats:styled-content> and FT<\/jats:styled-content>4 were measured at two time points. To better understand the significance of the FR<\/jats:styled-content>\u03b1 in relation to thyroid development, we examined FR<\/jats:styled-content>\u03b1 expression on prenatal and postnatal thyroid. TSH<\/jats:styled-content>, TT<\/jats:styled-content>3 and rT<\/jats:styled-content>3 were above the normal range in 7%, 33% and 51% of the participants and TRH<\/jats:styled-content> was below the normal range in 13% of the participants. FT<\/jats:styled-content>4 was rarely outside the normal range. TSH<\/jats:styled-content> concentration was positively and the FT<\/jats:styled-content>4\/TSH<\/jats:styled-content>, TT<\/jats:styled-content>3\/TSH<\/jats:styled-content> and rT<\/jats:styled-content>3\/TSH<\/jats:styled-content> ratios were inversely related to blocking FRAA<\/jats:styled-content> titres. On repeated measurements, changes in TSH<\/jats:styled-content> and FT<\/jats:styled-content>4\/TSH<\/jats:styled-content> ratio were found to correspond to changes in blocking FRAA<\/jats:styled-content> titres. TSH<\/jats:styled-content> and the FT<\/jats:styled-content>4\/TSH<\/jats:styled-content>, TT<\/jats:styled-content>3\/TSH<\/jats:styled-content> and rT<\/jats:styled-content>3\/TSH<\/jats:styled-content> ratios were related to irritability on the Aberrant Behavior Checklist and several scales of the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS<\/jats:styled-content>), whereas TT<\/jats:styled-content>3 was associated with SRS<\/jats:styled-content> subscales and TRH<\/jats:styled-content> was related to Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale subscales. The thyroid showed significant FR<\/jats:styled-content>\u03b1 expression during the early prenatal period, although expression decreased significantly in later gestation and postnatal thyroid tissue. The results of the present study suggest that thyroid dysfunction in ASD<\/jats:styled-content> may be related to blocking FRAA<\/jats:styled-content>. The high expression of FR<\/jats:styled-content>\u03b1 in the early foetal thyroid suggests that foetal and neonatal exposure to maternal FRAA<\/jats:styled-content>s could affect the development of the thyroid and may contribute to the pathology in ASD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.12461","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,15]],"date-time":"2017-02-15T21:36:47Z","timestamp":1487194607000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Thyroid dysfunction in children with autism spectrum disorder is associated with folate receptor \u03b1 autoimmune disorder"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4442-2937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R. 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