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Acyl ghrelin treatment in vivo and in vitro also shows protective capacity in Alzheimer's disease (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AD<\/jats:styled-content>). In the present study, we used ghrelin knockout (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">KO<\/jats:styled-content>) and their wild\u2010type littermates to test whether or not endogenous ghrelin is protective in a mouse model of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AD<\/jats:styled-content>, in which human amyloid \u03b2 peptide 1\u201040 (A\u03b2<jats:sub>1\u201040<\/jats:sub>) was injected into the lateral ventricles i.c.v. Recognition memory, using the novel object recognition task, was significantly impaired in ghrelin <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">KO<\/jats:styled-content> mice and after i.c.v. A\u03b2<jats:sub>1\u201040<\/jats:sub> treatment. These deficits could be prevented by acyl ghrelin injections for 7\u00a0days. Spatial orientation, as assessed by the Y\u2010maze task, was also significantly impaired in ghrelin <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">KO<\/jats:styled-content> mice and after i.c.v. A\u03b2<jats:sub>1\u201040<\/jats:sub> treatment. These deficits could be prevented by acyl ghrelin injections for 7\u00a0days. Ghrelin <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">KO<\/jats:styled-content> mice had deficits in olfactory discrimination; however, neither i.c.v. A\u03b2<jats:sub>1\u201040<\/jats:sub> treatment, nor acyl ghrelin injections affected olfactory discrimination. We used stereology to show that ghrelin <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">KO<\/jats:styled-content> and A\u03b2<jats:sub>1\u201040<\/jats:sub> increased the total number of glial fibrillary acidic protein expressing astrocytes and ionised calcium\u2010binding adapter expressing microglial in the rostral hippocampus. Finally, A\u03b2<jats:sub>1\u201040<\/jats:sub> blocked long\u2010term potentiation induced by high\u2010frequency stimulation and this effect could be acutely blocked with co\u2010administration of acyl ghrelin. Collectively, our studies demonstrate that ghrelin deletion affects memory performance and also that acyl ghrelin treatment may delay the onset of early events of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AD<\/jats:styled-content>. This supports the idea that acyl ghrelin treatment may be therapeutically beneficial with respect to restricting disease progression in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AD<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.12476","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,5]],"date-time":"2017-04-05T22:31:41Z","timestamp":1491431501000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Acyl ghrelin improves cognition, synaptic plasticity deficits and neuroinflammation following amyloid \u03b2 (A\u03b21\u201040) administration in mice"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"V. V.","family":"Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology Monash University  Clayton VIC Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Stark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology Monash University  Clayton VIC Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Rial","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Center of Biological Sciences Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina UFSC  Florian\u00f3polis SC Brazil"},{"name":"CNC\u00a0\u2010\u00a0Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology University of Coimbra  Coimbra Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H. 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