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Its rate of secretion is primarily regulated by a negative\u2010feedback mechanism where prolactin stimulates the activity of the tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TIDA<\/jats:styled-content>) neurones, increasing their release of dopamine, which accesses the pituitary via the median eminence to suppress further prolactin secretion. In addition to its well established role in lactation, circulating prolactin is secreted in response to stress, although the mechanism by which this is achieved or its cellular targets remains unknown. In the present study, we show that 15\u00a0minutes of restraint stress causes an approximately seven\u2010fold increase in circulating prolactin concentration in male mice. Monitoring prolactin receptor activation, using immunohistochemistry to determine the level and distribution of tyrosine phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">pSTAT<\/jats:styled-content>5), we show that this stress\u2010induced increase in prolactin interacts with both central and peripheral targets. Restraint stress for 15\u00a0minutes significantly increased <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">pSTAT<\/jats:styled-content>5 staining in the arcuate nucleus, median eminence and the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex. In each case, this response was prevented by pretreating the animals with bromocriptine to block prolactin secretion from the pituitary. Interestingly, in contrast to many cells in the arcuate nucleus, stress reduced <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">pSTAT<\/jats:styled-content>5 staining of the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TIDA<\/jats:styled-content> neurones (identified by dual\u2010labelling for tyrosine hydroxylase). This suggests that there is reduced prolactin signalling in these cells and thus potentially a decline in their inhibitory influence on prolactin secretion. These results provide evidence that prolactin secreted in response to acute stress is sufficient to activate prolactin receptors in selected target tissues known to be involved in the physiological adaptation to stress.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.12477","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,20]],"date-time":"2017-04-20T09:18:10Z","timestamp":1492679890000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Restraint stress increases prolactin\u2010mediated phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 in the hypothalamus and adrenal cortex in the male mouse"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"S. E.","family":"Kirk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Anatomy School of Biomedical Sciences University of Otago  Dunedin New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T. 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