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Although the prevalence of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PD<\/jats:styled-content>is approximately three times greater in women compared to men, the origins of this sexual dimorphism remain poorly understood. Similar to<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PD<\/jats:styled-content>patients, adult female rats previously subjected to neonatal maternal separation (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NMS<\/jats:styled-content>) show an increase in their ventilatory response to<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CO<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>. Because this effect of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NMS<\/jats:styled-content>is not observed in males, we hypothesised that testosterone prevents<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NMS<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010induced hyper\u2010responsiveness to<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CO<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>. Pups subjected to<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NMS<\/jats:styled-content>were placed in an incubator for 3\u00a0h\u00a0d<jats:sup>\u20101<\/jats:sup>from postnatal days 3\u201012. Control pups remained undisturbed. At adulthood (8\u201010\u00a0weeks of age), rats were then subjected either to sham surgery or castration. Fourteen days later, breathing was measured at rest (room air) and during acute exposure to hypercapnia (5 and 10%<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CO<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>for 10\u00a0minutes each) using plethysmography. To gain insight into the mechanisms involved,<jats:italic>c\u2010fos<\/jats:italic>expression was used as an indicator of neuronal activation. Brains were collected following air or<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CO<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>exposure for quantification of<jats:italic>c\u2010fos<\/jats:italic>positive cells by immunohistochemistry in selected regions, including the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, the dorsomedial hypothalamus and the amygdalar complex. Castration produced a 100% increase of hyperventilatory response to 10%<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CO<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>in control rats. Unexpectedly, castration had no effect on the hyperventilatory response of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NMS<\/jats:styled-content>rats. The intensity of the hypercapnic response was inversely correlated with<jats:italic>c\u2010fos<\/jats:italic>expression in the medial amygdala. We conclude that testosterone prevents the hyper\u2010responsiveness to<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CO<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, whereas<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NMS<\/jats:styled-content>attenuates sensitivity to hormone withdrawal. We propose that an inhibitory influence from the medial amygdala contributes to this effect.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.12550","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,24]],"date-time":"2017-10-24T08:22:38Z","timestamp":1508833358000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Neonatal maternal separation opposes the facilitatory effect of castration on the respiratory response to hypercapnia of the adult male rat: Evidence for the involvement of the medial amygdala"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"L.","family":"Tenorio\u2010Lopes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Qu\u00e9bec Universit\u00e9 Laval Qu\u00e9bec QC Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. 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