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Because of the histological and functional similarities between the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BBB<\/jats:styled-content>) and the blood\u2010retinal barrier (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BRB<\/jats:styled-content>), we aimed to investigate how the permeability of both barriers predicts visual outcome. We included 2 control groups (acute unilateral stroke patients, n\u00a0=\u00a09; type 2 diabetics without <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BRB<\/jats:styled-content> leakage n\u00a0=\u00a010) and a case study group of type 2 diabetics with established <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BRB<\/jats:styled-content> leakage (n\u00a0=\u00a017). We evaluated sex, age, disease duration, metabolic impairment, retinopathy grade and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BBB<\/jats:styled-content> permeability as predictors of visual acuity at baseline, 12\u00a0 and 24\u00a0months in the type 2 diabetics without <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BRB<\/jats:styled-content> leakage group and the case study group. We have also explored differences in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BBB<\/jats:styled-content> permeability in the occipital lobe and frontal lobe in the 3 different groups. <jats:italic>K<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>trans<\/jats:sup> (volume transfer coefficient) and <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>p<\/jats:sub> (fractional plasma volume) were estimated. The <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BBB<\/jats:styled-content> permeability parameter <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>p<\/jats:sub> was higher in the case study group compared to the unaffected hemisphere of the stroke patient control group, suggesting vascular dynamics were changed in the occipital lobe of type 2 diabetics with established <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BRB<\/jats:styled-content> leakage. These patients showed a significant correlation between glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) levels and occipital and frontal <jats:italic>K<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>trans<\/jats:sup>. We report for the first time that occipital <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BBB<\/jats:styled-content> permeability is an independent predictor of visual acuity at baseline, as well as at 12\u00a0and 24\u00a0months, in type 2 diabetics with established <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BRB<\/jats:styled-content> leakage. Our results suggest that occipital <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BBB<\/jats:styled-content> permeability might be an independent biomarker for visual impairment in patients with established <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BRB<\/jats:styled-content> leakage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.12566","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,16]],"date-time":"2017-12-16T22:42:04Z","timestamp":1513464124000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Occipital blood\u2010brain barrier permeability is an independent predictor of visual outcome in type 2 diabetes, irrespective of the retinal barrier: A longitudinal study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"S. I.","family":"Abuhaiba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBIT Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS) University of Coimbra  Coimbra Portugal"},{"name":"CNC.IBILI University of Coimbra  Coimbra Portugal"},{"name":"PhD Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine (PDBEB) CNC \u2010 Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology University of Coimbra  Coimbra Portugal"},{"name":"Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC) University of Coimbra  Coimbra Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Cordeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNC.IBILI University of Coimbra  Coimbra Portugal"},{"name":"Coimbra University and Hospital Centre (CHUC)  Coimbra Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Amorim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBIT Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS) University of Coimbra  Coimbra 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