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Current studies have revealed the involvement of different cell types, as well as cell and molecular mechanisms, that contribute to diet\u2010induced hypothalamic inflammation (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DIHI<\/jats:styled-content>) and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DIO<\/jats:styled-content>. Subsequent to the discovery that high\u2010fat diet and saturated fatty acids increase the expression of hypothalamic cytokines prior to weight gain, research has focused on understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying these changes, in addition to the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of obesity. Recent studies have proposed that the inhibition of pro\u2010inflammatory pathways in microglia and astrocytes is sufficient to protect against <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DIHI<\/jats:styled-content> and prevent obesity. In addition, impairment of intracellular and epigenetic mechanisms, such as hypothalamic autophagy and changes in the methylation pattern of certain genes, have been implicated in susceptibility to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DIHI<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DIO<\/jats:styled-content>. Interestingly, a sexual dimorphism has been found during <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DIO<\/jats:styled-content> in hypothalamic inflammation, glial activation and metabolic diseases, and recent data support an important role of sex steroids in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DIHI<\/jats:styled-content>. These new exciting findings uncover novel obesity pathogenic mechanisms and provide targets to develop therapeutic approaches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.12598","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,12]],"date-time":"2018-04-12T11:15:05Z","timestamp":1523531705000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Cell and molecular mechanisms behind diet\u2010induced hypothalamic inflammation and obesity"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0450-8552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Y.","family":"\u00c1valos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiology Department Faculty of Biological Sciences Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile  Santiago Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Kerr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Estudios Cient\u00edficos  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