{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T07:08:49Z","timestamp":1790752129398,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,1]],"date-time":"2019-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1548979200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Swiss Anorexia Nervosa Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Neuroendocrinology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Middle age has been linked with various dysfunctional eating patterns in women. The hormone ghrelin is related to food intake, with plasma levels rising before eating and decreasing immediately afterwards. Animal research has shown that oestradiol is an antagonist of ghrelin. Given that both menopause and anorexia nervosa (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AN<\/jats:styled-content>) are states characterised by reduced oestradiol, the present study aimed to investigate for the first time whether menopausal status and a history of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AN<\/jats:styled-content> are linked with altered ghrelin levels in middle\u2010aged women. Based on previous research, we hypothesised that (i) post\u2010menopausal women would demonstrate comparably increased ghrelin after food intake and (ii) women with a history of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AN<\/jats:styled-content> would exhibit increased total ghrelin levels. Healthy, middle\u2010aged women (n\u00a0=\u00a057) were recruited. Of the women, 31 were post\u2010menopausal and 27 had a history of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AN<\/jats:styled-content>. Plasma ghrelin was repeatedly collected before and after a meal standardised in terms of caloric content. Areas under the curves were calculated to indicate total (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AUC<\/jats:styled-content>g) and postprandial ghrelin (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AUC<\/jats:styled-content>i). Menopausal status was linked with postprandial ghrelin (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AUC<\/jats:styled-content>i \u22121.6\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02.2 vs \u22122.9\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02.6; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.058), whereas a history of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AN<\/jats:styled-content> was linked with total ghrelin (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AUC<\/jats:styled-content>g 36.2\u00a0\u00b1\u00a05.6 vs 39.0\u00a0\u00b1\u00a03.7; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.050). There were no interaction effects (both P\u00a0&gt;\u00a00.466). A closer examination of the effects revealed that post\u2010menopausal women showed marginally greater decreases in ghrelin immediately after food intake (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.064) and marginally greater re\u2010increases after 60\u00a0minutes (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.084) compared to pre\u2010menopausal women. Women with a history of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AN<\/jats:styled-content> had significantly higher total ghrelin compared to women without a history of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AN<\/jats:styled-content> (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.042). Post\u2010menopause was linked with higher sensitivity of ghrelin to food intake (trend), whereas a history of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AN<\/jats:styled-content> was related to greater total ghrelin. Future research should investigate to what extent the observed alterations in ghrelin may affect dysfunctional eating behaviour during middle age.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.12661","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,17]],"date-time":"2018-11-17T21:03:33Z","timestamp":1542488613000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Menopause is associated with decreased postprandial ghrelin, whereas a history of anorexia nervosa is associated with increased total ghrelin"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Suzana","family":"Stojiljkovic\u2010Drobnjak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanne","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology, Clinical 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