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Growth hormones and metabolic cues both recruit phosphatidylinositol 3\u2010kinase (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    3K) signalling in hypothalamic sites, although whether they converge into the same neuronal population(s) is also not known. In this review, we discuss recent findings from our laboratory showing the role of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    3K subunits in cells directly responsive to the adipocyte\u2010derived hormone leptin in the coordination of growth, pubertal development and fertility. Mice with deletion of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    3K p110\u03b1 and p110\u03b2 catalytic subunits in leptin receptor cells (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    <jats:sup>\u0394\u03b1+\u03b2<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) have a lean phenotype associated with increased energy expenditure, locomotor activity and thermogenesis. The\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    <jats:sup>\u0394\u03b1+\u03b2<\/jats:sup>\n                    mice also show deficient growth and delayed puberty. Deletion of a single subunit (ie, p110\u03b1) in\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    cells (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    <jats:sup>\u0394\u03b1<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) causes a similar phenotype of increased energy expenditure, deficient growth and delayed pubertal development, indicating that these functions are preferably controlled by p110\u03b1. The\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    <jats:sup>\u0394\u03b1<\/jats:sup>\n                    mice show enhanced leptin sensitivity in metabolic regulation but, remarkably, these mice are unresponsive to the effects of leptin on growth and puberty.\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    3K is also recruited by insulin and a subpopulation of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    neurones is responsive to i.c.v. insulin administration. Deletion of insulin receptor in\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    cells causes no changes in body weight or linear growth and induces only a mild delay in pubertal completion. Our findings demonstrate that\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    3K in\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    cells plays an essential role in growth and reproduction. We will also discuss the potential neural pathways underlying these effects.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.12685","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,8]],"date-time":"2019-01-08T23:10:44Z","timestamp":1546989044000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["<scp>PI<\/scp>\n                    3K signalling in leptin receptor cells: Role in growth and reproduction"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9506-8785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Garcia\u2010Galiano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular &amp; Integrative Physiology University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatriz C.","family":"Borges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular &amp; Integrative Physiology 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