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We investigated developmental shifts in the regulation of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HPA<\/jats:styled-content> function by testosterone using androgen replacement in orchiectomised (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OCX<\/jats:styled-content>) pre\u2010pubertal and post\u2010pubertal adolescent rats and in adults, as well as using inhibitors of testosterone synthesis in non\u2010operated rats. The expected dampening effect of testosterone in adult <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OCX<\/jats:styled-content> rats did not meet statistical significance in all of the three experiments. Nevertheless, in each, adolescents had higher post\u2010stress concentrations of corticosterone compared to adults despite similar concentrations of testosterone. The effect of testosterone was in the opposite direction in post\u2010pubertal adolescents compared to that in adults, with testosterone replacement leading to increased rather than lower corticosterone concentration. Testosterone replacement decreased arginine vasopressin and corticotrophin\u2010releasing hormone immune\u2010reactive cell counts in the paraventricular nucleus at all ages. In a fourth experiment, we provide evidence that the basis of the age difference in corticosterone release is because of a greater conversion of testosterone to oestradiol in adolescents and a greater conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone in adults: aromatase inhibition had little effect in adults and attenuated the age difference by decreasing stress\u2010induced corticosterone release in adolescents. By contrast, 5\u03b1\u2010reductase inhibition or an androgen receptor antagonist had little effect in adolescents and attenuated the age difference by increasing stress\u2010induced corticosterone release in adults. In the adrenal gland, adolescents had reduced 5\u03b1\u2010reductase and androgen receptor gene expression. There also were age differences in the regulation of hypothalamic <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">mRNA<\/jats:styled-content> expression of androgen receptors, oestrogen receptors and aromatase by testosterone. In sum, the results suggest that developmental shifts in the synthesis of testosterone and the regulation of gene expression are factors with respect to age differences in corticosterone release in response to stressors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.12714","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,26]],"date-time":"2019-03-26T07:19:28Z","timestamp":1553584768000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Age\u2010dependent regulation by androgens of gene expression in the anterior hypothalamus and stress\u2010induced release of adrenal hormones in adolescent and adult male rats"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Matthew R.","family":"Green","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry University of Western Ontario London Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychology Brock University St. Catharines Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mostafa","family":"Zeidan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences Brock University St Catharines Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Travis E.","family":"Hodges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Brock University St. Catharines Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0482-3875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheryl M.","family":"McCormick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Brock University St. Catharines Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences Brock University St Catharines Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2016.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2016.02.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721413475445"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-89-1-284"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(98)00029-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.01.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2014.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2012.06.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2005-1432"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2004-0846"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","first-page":"1121","article-title":"Sex differences in the HPA axis","volume":"4","author":"Goel N","year":"2011","journal-title":"Compr Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2013.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2003-0565"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3777-05.2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1025389021000061165"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2852-10.2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.16-05-01866.1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0953-8194.2004.01167.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2007.09.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000077270"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-11-0206"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2016.07.210"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004410000199"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000125365"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4301-06.2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X11311020002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139017855.003","volume-title":"Oxytocin, vasopressin, and their interplay with gonadal steroids. 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