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In the present study, we found that, after only 1\u00a0week of exposure to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DES<\/jats:styled-content>, blood testosterone dramatically decreased and that this decrease was associated with a strong induction of prolactin (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PRL<\/jats:styled-content>). Even with the increase in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PRL<\/jats:styled-content>, the luteinising hormone and follicle\u2010stimulating hormone <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">mRNA<\/jats:styled-content>s slightly decreased. Our results show that, after 48\u00a0hours of a single dose of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DES<\/jats:styled-content>, there was a six\u2010fold increase in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PRL<\/jats:styled-content> expression. After exploring the upstream mechanisms, we determined that dopamine, which inhibits <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PRL<\/jats:styled-content> secretion in male rats, did not decrease in the pituitary gland of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DES<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010treated rats, whereas vasoactive intestinal peptide (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VIP<\/jats:styled-content>), which mediates the acute release of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PRL<\/jats:styled-content>, was elevated. Serotonin (5\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HT<\/jats:styled-content>) increased in the brain of male rats 24\u00a0hours after a single <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DES<\/jats:styled-content> treatment; however, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PRL<\/jats:styled-content>,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> VIP<\/jats:styled-content> or 5\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HT<\/jats:styled-content> was not induced by <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DES<\/jats:styled-content> in female rats. Our results indicate that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DES<\/jats:styled-content> induces the expression of pituitary <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PRL<\/jats:styled-content> in male rats by stimulating <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VIP<\/jats:styled-content> in the hypothalamus and 5\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HT<\/jats:styled-content> in the central nervous system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.12769","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,8]],"date-time":"2019-07-08T16:33:22Z","timestamp":1562603602000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Rapid prolactin induction in adult male rats after treatment with 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