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However, when WARs are exposed to chronic acoustic stimuli (audiogenic kindling\u2013AK), they usually present tonic\u2010clonic seizures, followed by limbic seizures, after recruitment of forebrain structures such as the cortex, hippocampus and amygdala. Although some studies have reported that hypothalamic\u2010hypophysis function is also altered in WAR through modulating vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin (OXT) secretion, the role of these neuropeptides in epilepsy still is controversial. We analyzed the impact of AK and consequent activation of mesencephalic neurocircuits and the recruitment of forebrain limbic (LiR) sites on the hypothalamic\u2010neurohypophysial system and expression of\n                    <jats:italic>Avpr1a<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Oxtr<\/jats:italic>\n                    in these structures. At the end of the AK protocol, nine out of 18 WARs presented LiR. Increases in both plasma vasopressin and oxytocin levels were observed in WAR when compared to Wistar rats. These results were correlated with an increase in the expressions of heteronuclear (hn) and messenger (m) RNA for\n                    <jats:italic>Oxt<\/jats:italic>\n                    in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) in WARs submitted to AK that presented LiR. In the paraventricular nucleus, the hn\n                    <jats:italic>Avp<\/jats:italic>\n                    and m\n                    <jats:italic>Avp<\/jats:italic>\n                    expressions increased in WARs with and without LiR, respectively. There were no significant differences in\n                    <jats:italic>Avp<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Oxt<\/jats:italic>\n                    expression in supraoptic nuclei (SON). Also, there was a reduction in the\n                    <jats:italic>Avpr1a<\/jats:italic>\n                    expression in the central nucleus of the amygdala and frontal lobe in the WAR strain. In the inferior colliculus,\n                    <jats:italic>Avpr1a<\/jats:italic>\n                    expression was lower in WARs after AK, especially those without LiR. Our results indicate that both AK and LiR in WARs lead to changes in the hypothalamic\u2010neurohypophysial system and its receptors, providing a new molecular basis to better understaind epilepsy.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.12975","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,4]],"date-time":"2021-05-04T04:55:35Z","timestamp":1620104135000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Neuroendocrine changes in the hypothalamic\u2010neurohypophysial system in the Wistar audiogenic rat (WAR) strain submitted to audiogenic kindling"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9300-7807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evandro","family":"Valentim\u2010Lima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology Department of Biophysics Escola Paulista de Medicina Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Ant\u00f4nio Cortes","family":"de Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology FMRP USP Ribeir\u00e3o Preto Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jose.","family":"Antunes\u2010Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology FMRP USP Ribeir\u00e3o Preto Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luis Carlos","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiological Sciences Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro Serop\u00e9dica Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Norberto","family":"Garcia\u2010Cairasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology FMRP USP Ribeir\u00e3o Preto Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4517-6221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andre S.","family":"Mecawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology Department of Biophysics Escola Paulista de Medicina Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 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