{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T21:36:35Z","timestamp":1785879395980,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,30]],"date-time":"2021-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630281600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Neuroendocrinology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Recent advances in the diagnosis of neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) have led to the identification of NETs in unusual locations. NETs originating in the middle ear have been reported in a number of case reports with differing terminologies, where they were variously referred to as middle ear adenomas or middle ear carcinoids. In this report, we describe two cases of middle ear NETs with locally advanced disease and with distant metastases, respectively. The embryological origin, pathogenesis and histopathological characteristics, including immunohistochemical markers, are discussed aiming to clarify the terminology of these tumours. Functional imaging modalities (eg,\n                    <jats:sup>68<\/jats:sup>\n                    Ga\u2010DOTATATE positron emission tomography\/computed tomography\/magnetic resonance imaging) play a pivotal role in the diagnosis, staging and determining the optimal systemic therapy in managing NETs of the middle ear. In addition, surgical, local and systemic therapeutic modalities are discussed, including the management option of long\u2010acting somatostatin analogue therapy and targeted radionuclide therapy for somatostatin receptor\u2010positive well\u2010differentiated middle ear NETs.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.13031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,13]],"date-time":"2021-08-13T19:07:40Z","timestamp":1628881660000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Middle ear neuroendocrine tumours: Insight into their pathogenesis, diagnosis and management"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5237-2207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gowri M.","family":"Ratnayake","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ENETS Centre of Excellence Neuroendocrine Tumour Unit Royal Free Hospital London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tu Vinh","family":"Luong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENETS Centre of Excellence Neuroendocrine Tumour Unit Royal Free Hospital London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christos","family":"Toumpanakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENETS Centre of Excellence Neuroendocrine Tumour Unit Royal Free Hospital London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martyn","family":"Caplin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENETS Centre of Excellence Neuroendocrine Tumour Unit Royal Free Hospital London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1176-6186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashley B.","family":"Grossman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENETS Centre of Excellence Neuroendocrine Tumour Unit Royal Free Hospital London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-020-00458-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/IGC.0000000000001215"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001622-200201000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12105-018-0924-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1677\/erc.0.0100437"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.3880561"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","first-page":"111","article-title":"Carcinoid syndrome and its sequelae. Current Opinion in Endocrine and Metabolic","volume":"18","author":"Ratnayake G","year":"2021","journal-title":"Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12022-021-09662-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","unstructured":"HelwanyM TadiP.Embryology Ear.StatPearls;2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","first-page":"9834750","article-title":"Neuroendocrine adenoma of the middle ear: a rare histopathological diagnosis","volume":"2016","author":"Hasan Z","year":"2016","journal-title":"Case Rep Otolaryngol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/73.6.816"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000348949009900710"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","first-page":"20","article-title":"Treatment with somatostatin analogues and PRRT in metastatic middle ear adenoma with neuroendocrine features [published online ahead of print, 2021 May 1]","volume":"2021","author":"Lima Ferreira J","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocrinol Diabetes Metab Case Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1658-3876(08)50061-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.115.166017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000457956"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.4900"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/his.12447"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","first-page":"14","article-title":"Neuroendocrine neoplasms of the head and neck and olfactory neuroblastoma. Diagnosis and classification","volume":"109","author":"Uccella S","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pathologica"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/818673"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004050050018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dc.2031"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/RLU.0000000000002646"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neuroendocrinology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jne.13031","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/jne.13031","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jne.13031","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]],"date-time":"2023-08-29T19:47:09Z","timestamp":1693338429000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jne.13031"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,30]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jne.13031"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jne.13031","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/JNE.13031\/v1\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/JNE.13031\/v2\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/JNE.13031\/v1\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/JNE.13031\/v1\/review2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/JNE.13031\/v2\/review1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0953-8194","1365-2826"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0953-8194","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2826","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-05-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-08-10","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-08-30","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e13031"}}