{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T02:07:39Z","timestamp":1792375659985,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]],"date-time":"2022-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":17,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Neuroendocrinology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The metabolic and cardiovascular clinical manifestations in patients with Cushing's syndrome (CS) are generally well known. However, recent studies have broadened the perspective of the effects of hypercortisolism, showing that both endogenous and exogenous glucocorticoid excess alter brain functioning on several time scales. Consequently, cognitive deficits and neuropsychological symptoms are highly prevalent during both active CS and CS in remission, as well as during glucocorticoid treatment. In this review, we discuss the effects of endogenous hypercortisolism and exogenously induced glucocorticoid excess on the brain, as well as the prevalence of cognitive and neuropsychological deficits and their course after biochemical remission. Furthermore, we propose possible mechanisms that may underly neuronal changes, based on experimental models and in vitro studies. Finally, we offer recommendations for future studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.13142","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,22]],"date-time":"2022-04-22T01:19:47Z","timestamp":1650590387000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Long\u2010term effects of glucocorticoid excess on the brain"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7714-0998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alies J.","family":"Dekkers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Pituitary Center and Center for Endocrine Tumors Leiden University Medical Center  Leiden The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Center for Endocrine Tumours Leiden Leiden University Medical Center  Leiden The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5382-5183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge Miguel","family":"Amaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Pituitary Center and Center for Endocrine Tumors Leiden University Medical Center  Leiden The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0001-4408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Merel","family":"van der Meulen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Pituitary Center and Center for Endocrine Tumors Leiden University Medical Center  Leiden The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Center for Endocrine Tumours Leiden Leiden University Medical Center  Leiden The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5817-3594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nienke R.","family":"Biermasz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Pituitary Center and Center for Endocrine Tumors Leiden University Medical Center  Leiden The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Center for Endocrine Tumours Leiden Leiden University Medical Center  Leiden The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8394-6859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Onno C.","family":"Meijer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Pituitary Center and Center for Endocrine Tumors Leiden University Medical Center  Leiden The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1194-9866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto M.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism Amsterdam UMC (AMC)  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_15_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.90399.2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-015-0636-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-021-01615-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnaa002"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2017.10.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-019-09405-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/npr2.12204"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqaa242"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_15_10_1","first-page":"e18093","article-title":"Acute psychosis following corticosteroid administration","volume":"13","author":"Kazi SE","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2016-1495"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-054405"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004728-197801000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/99.2.341"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2021.105334"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurpsyc.1952.02320150016002"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2019.10.JNS191400"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/11795476211027668"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-68166-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-21-0385"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-00980-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.12.146"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2014.01.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-017-0793-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2017.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2021.102770"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13056"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2019.11.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.12224"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-016-0963-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2007.09.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2014.307"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0b013e3181a3e2a7"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_37_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Glucocorticoid treatment for non\u2010cerebral diseases in children and adolescents is associated with differences in uncinate fasciculus microstructure","author":"Vestergaard M","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keab511"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.04981.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2014.13091264"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.11.017"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_15_42_1","first-page":"e6162","article-title":"A case of severe psychosis due to Cushing's syndrome secondary to primary bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasia","volume":"11","author":"Shah K","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/4064370"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1247-4651"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-1945"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2019-00749"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10253899609001092"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3999(02)00307-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1171203"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/6391686"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.604103"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_52_1","first-page":"e13124","article-title":"Gene expression changes in the brain of a Cushing's syndrome mouse model","author":"Amaya J","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_53_1","first-page":"e13072","article-title":"Cell type specificity of glucocorticoid signaling in the adult mouse hippocampus","author":"Viho EMG","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0175075"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2019.05.050"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000240568"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.133131"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1714239115"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-019-0430-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2019.05.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpdd.389"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.13167"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.13148"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.13143"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.13175"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.13177"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.13169"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.13186"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.13111"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.13113"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.13114"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.13118"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.13120"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.13123"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.13134"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.13137"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.13147"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.13172"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neuroendocrinology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jne.13142","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/jne.13142","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jne.13142","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]],"date-time":"2023-08-21T12:53:58Z","timestamp":1692622438000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jne.13142"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jne.13142"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jne.13142","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/JNE.13142\/v1\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/JNE.13142\/v2\/response1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/JNE.13142\/v2\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0953-8194","1365-2826"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0953-8194","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2826","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-03-02","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-04-15","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-08-18","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e13142"}}