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In part, this may result from the lack of biomarkers that can guide precision medicine with individualized treatments for millions of individuals who suffer these debilitating conditions worldwide. While several biomarker candidates have been proposed for mood disorders, none has been implemented in clinical practice and the treatment still relies in the prescription of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors that shows mixed efficacy and significant side effects. Both neurosteroid biosynthesis and the endocannabinoid system have recently provided evidence for pharmacological targets to improve mood symptoms and the neuroactive steroid allopregnanolone has recently been approved by the USA Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of post\u2010partum depression. Clinical studies also show efficacy for the management of major depression and more studies are being conducted to study efficacy in post\u2010traumatic stress disorder. Likewise, the endocannabinoid\u2010like modulator,\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010palmioyl ethanolamide (PEA) has shown efficacy in the treatment of major depression and bipolar disorder. While these new agents are coming forward in the field of neuropsychopharmacology as a new generation of fast\u2010acting antidepressants, the hypothesis of whether their deficits underlying mood disorders could constitute valid predictive biomarkers to facilitate diagnosis and treatment of these conditions is under consideration.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.13226","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,24]],"date-time":"2022-12-24T07:48:13Z","timestamp":1671868093000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Biomarkers and treatments for mood disorders encompassing the neurosteroid and endocannabinoid systems"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7541-4855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Graziano","family":"Pinna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Psychiatric Institute, UI Center on Depression and 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