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However, the impact of these large fluctuations in estrogens on peripartum sleep is unclear because it is difficult to tease apart the effects of estrogens on sleep from effects associated with the growth and development of the fetus or parental care. We therefore used a hormone\u2010simulated pseudopregnancy (HSP) in female Syrian hamsters to test the hypothesis that pregnancy\u2010like increases in estradiol decrease sleep in the absence of other factors. Adult female Syrian hamsters were ovariectomized and given daily hormone injections that simulate estradiol levels during early pregnancy, late pregnancy, and the postpartum period. Home cage video recordings were captured at seven timepoints and videos were analyzed for actigraphy. During \u201clate pregnancy,\u201d total sleep time and sleep efficiency were decreased in hormone\u2010treated animals during the white light period compared to pretest levels. Likewise, during \u201clate pregnancy,\u201d locomotion was increased in the white light period for hormone\u2010treated animals compared to pretest levels. These changes continued into the \u201cpostpartum period\u201d for animals who continued to receive estradiol treatment, but not for animals who were withdrawn from estradiol. At the conclusion of the experiment, animals were euthanized and cFos expression was quantified in the ventral lateral preoptic area (VLPO) and lateral hypothalamus (LH). Animals who continued to receive high levels of estradiol during the \u201cpostpartum\u201d period had significantly more cFos in the VLPO and LH than animals who were withdrawn from hormones or vehicle controls. Together, these data suggest that increased levels of estradiol during pregnancy are associated with sleep suppression, which may be mediated by increased activation of hypothalamic nuclei.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.13278","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,15]],"date-time":"2023-04-15T10:14:20Z","timestamp":1681553660000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Elevated estradiol during a hormone simulated pseudopregnancy decreases sleep and increases hypothalamic activation in female Syrian hamsters"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Abiola","family":"Irvine","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Neuroscience Program, Haverford College  Haverford Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maeve I.","family":"Gaffney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology 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