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Because of this, over many years, there has been interest in whether the hormone itself is also expressed within the brain, perhaps acting as a neuropeptide to regulate brain function via its receptor in neurons. The aim of this invited review is to critically evaluate the evidence for brain production of prolactin. Unlike the evidence for the Prlr, evidence for brain prolactin is inconsistent and variable. A range of different antibodies have been used, each characterising a different distribution of prolactin\u2010like immunoreactivity. Prolactin mRNA has been detected in the brain, but only at levels markedly lower than seen in the pituitary gland. Importantly, it has largely only been detected by highly sensitive amplification\u2010based techniques, and the extreme sensitivity means there is a risk of false\u2010positive data. Modern in situ hybridisation methods and single\u2010cell RNA sequencing have not provided supporting evidence, but it is hard to prove a negative! Finally, I acknowledge and discuss the possibility that prolactin might be produced in the brain under specific circumstances, such as to promote a neuroprotective response to cell damage. Collectively, however, based on this analysis, I have formed the opinion that brain production of prolactin is unlikely, and even if occurs, it is of little physiological consequence. Most, if not all of the brain actions of prolactin can be explained by pituitary prolactin gaining access to the brain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.13432","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,23]],"date-time":"2024-07-23T06:26:05Z","timestamp":1721715965000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Does the brain make prolactin?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5606-2559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David R.","family":"Grattan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Anatomy University of Otago  Dunedin New Zealand"},{"name":"Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery  Auckland New 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