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However, while much has been published about the role of GNRH1 in reproduction, very little is known about the hypophysiotropic function of GNRH2. To shed light on this issue, we studied the expression pattern of these two genes in different parts of the monkey hypothalamus and pituitary gland under controlled conditions of circulating estrogen levels, using qPCR, liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry and RNAscope.\n                    <jats:italic>GNRH1<\/jats:italic>\n                    \/GNRH1 expression was found throughout the hypothalamus and was largely unaffected by circulating estradiol levels. In contrast,\n                    <jats:italic>GNRH2<\/jats:italic>\n                    \/GNRH2 expression was found to be enhanced by long\u2010term treatment with estradiol and during the late follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, especially in the arcuate nucleus and pituitary gland. Together these findings suggest that pituitary\n                    <jats:italic>GNRH2<\/jats:italic>\n                    \/GNRH2 (but not\n                    <jats:italic>GNRH1<\/jats:italic>\n                    \/GNRH1) is induced by positive feedback\u2010like levels of estradiol. This novel finding raises the possibility that GNRH2 plays a major role in triggering the preovulatory LH surge in primates, not only at the level of the hypothalamus but also the pituitary gland.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.13498","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]],"date-time":"2025-02-11T05:32:53Z","timestamp":1739251973000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Pituitary gonadotropin\u2010releasing hormone\n                    <scp>II<\/scp>\n                    as a possible mediator of positive estrogen feedback"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Henryk F.","family":"Urbanski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oregon National Primate Research Center  Beaverton Oregon USA"},{"name":"Department of Behavioral Neuroscience Oregon Health &amp; Science University  Portland Oregon 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